To simulate 5G Beyond networks (or 6G networks) using NS2, which is challenging since NS2 primarily supports previous generations of wireless technologies and lacks direct support for 5G or 6G technologies. But, with some extensions, we can replicate core aspects of 5G Beyond networks by integrating custom modules or changes to replicate ideas such as:
- Ultra-dense networks (UDNs)
- Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications
- Terahertz (THz) communications
- Massive MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
- Network slicing
- AI-driven networking and resource allocation
- Vehicular networks, IoT, and Device-to-Device (D2D) communication
Since NS2 doesn’t natively support these advanced technologies, we can model a few of these ideas using custom protocols and extensions. We may also require to adjust NS2’s wireless modules to reflect the higher frequencies (mmWave, THz) and furthered antenna configurations (MIMO).
Below is a key steps on how we can approach simulating 5G Beyond networks in NS2:
Steps to Simulate 5G Beyond Networks Using NS2
- Install NS2:
Make certain NS2 is installed on the computer. We can download and install it from here. If required, we can change the core NS2 files (C++) to contain advanced networking aspects.
- Simulate Network Slicing:
Network slicing is a key aspect in 5G Beyond networks that permitting several virtual networks to share the similar physical infrastructure. Each slice has its own QoS requests.
We can model network slicing by making numerous traffic flows with distinct priorities, bandwidths, and delay requirements.
Example of configuring multiple network slices (eMBB, URLLC, mMTC):
# Define topology and links
set ns [new Simulator]
set coreNode [$ns node]
set accessNode1 [$ns node]
set accessNode2 [$ns node]
# Define high-priority URLLC traffic with low delay and high reliability
set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
set null1 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $accessNode1 $udp1
$ns attach-agent $coreNode $null1
$ns connect $udp1 $null1
set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr1 set interval_ 0.001 ;# Low-latency URLLC traffic
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1
# Define high-bandwidth eMBB traffic (e.g., for video streaming)
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]
set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $accessNode2 $tcp1
$ns attach-agent $coreNode $sink1
$ns connect $tcp1 $sink1
set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1
$ftp1 set packetSize_ 1500
- Simulate Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN):
Ultra-dense networks (UDNs) in 5G and beyond include a large amount of small cells to improve capacity and coverage. We can model this in NS2 by making several wireless nodes with short transmission ranges.
Example of creating an ultra-dense network:
# Define multiple small cells with dense deployment
for {set i 0} {$i < 100} {incr i} {
set cell($i) [$ns node]
$ns node-config -adhocRouting DSDV -llType LL -macType Mac/802_11 -ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \
-ifqLen 50 -antType Antenna/OmniAntenna -propType Propagation/TwoRayGround \
-phyType Phy/WirelessPhy -channelType Channel/WirelessChannel
}
# Connect small cells to simulate dense deployment
$ns duplex-link $cell(0) $cell(1) 100Mb 1ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $cell(1) $cell(2) 100Mb 1ms DropTail
- Simulate Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) Communications:
mmWave (30–300 GHz) and Terahertz (THz) communications (>300 GHz) are important for 5G Beyond networks to attain ultra-high-speed communication.
Even though NS2 doesn’t directly support mmWave or THz bands, we can mimic these by modifying propagation models and transmission ranges. In higher frequencies, signals suffer from high path loss and are more susceptible to environmental factors, thus we can tweak the Propagation Model and Antenna Configurations consequently.
Example of configuring a propagation model for mmWave:
# Use a custom propagation model for mmWave or THz
Phy/WirelessPhy set freq_ 60e9 ;# Frequency for mmWave
Phy/WirelessPhy set txPower_ 30 ;# Higher transmission power for short-range mmWave
Phy/WirelessPhy set CSThresh_ 1.0e-9
Phy/WirelessPhy set RXThresh_ 1.0e-10
Phy/WirelessPhy set L_ 1.0
- Simulate Massive MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output):
Massive MIMO is another main technology in 5G and Beyond networks. To replicate MIMO in NS2, we can model several antennas by making custom configurations, which replicate numerous parallel links among the nodes.
Example of simulating a MIMO system:
# Simulate two antennas per node (for 2×2 MIMO)
$ns node-config -antType Antenna/ArrayAntenna
$ns duplex-link $cell(0) $cell(1) 200Mb 2ms DropTail ;# MIMO-enhanced link
We can execute custom algorithms to replicate MIMO channel behaviours, like beamforming or spatial multiplexing.
- Simulate AI-Driven Networking and Resource Allocation:
AI-driven networking is expected to play a fundamental role in 5G Beyond networks, enhancing resource allocation, traffic routing, and network management. We can execute basic AI algorithms (e.g., reinforcement learning) in NS2 by writing custom scripts in Tcl or prolonging NS2’s C++ codebase.
Example of basic AI-driven resource allocation (in Tcl):
Class AIResourceManager {
variable trafficLoad
# Function to allocate resources based on traffic load
procedure allocateResources {load} {
if {$load > 80} {
puts “High traffic load: Allocating more bandwidth”
} else {
puts “Normal traffic load: Standard resource allocation”
}
}
}
It can be prolonged into more complex algorithms using machine learning or reinforcement learning methods.
- Simulate Vehicular Networks and D2D Communication:
In 5G Beyond, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication and vehicular networks (VANETs) are significant for allowing direct communication among the devices and vehicles. The simulation platform NS2 supports vehicular networks via mobility models and routing protocols such as AODV and DSR.
Example of setting up vehicular network communication:
# Define nodes for vehicles
for {set i 0} {$i < 10} {incr i} {
set vehicle($i) [$ns node]
}
# Attach UDP agents to simulate vehicle-to-vehicle communication
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $vehicle(0) $udp0
$ns attach-agent $vehicle(1) $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
# Create mobility for vehicles
setdest -n 10 -p 0.0 -s 20 -t 100 -x 1000 -y 1000 > mobility.tcl
source mobility.tcl
- Run the Simulation:
When we have set up the script then we can run the simulation in NS2:
ns 5g_beyond_simulation.tcl
We can envision the network and traffic flows using the NAM tool:
nam out.nam
- Analyze the Results:
After running the simulation then we can examine the performance of the 5G Beyond network. Significant parameters to concentrate on contain:
- Throughput
- Latency
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
- Energy Efficiency
- Bandwidth Utilization
We can utilize the trace file generated by NS2 to calculate these parameters and compute the network performance.
- Advanced Features (Optional):
- Dynamic Spectrum Allocation: Execute dynamic spectrum allocation to replicate how 5G Beyond networks use spectrum more effectively.
- Terahertz Communication: Prolong the simulation to utilize Terahertz frequencies and learn the effects on propagation, bandwidth, and interference.
- AI-based Traffic Management: Execute more advanced AI algorithms for network traffic prediction and management.
- Network Security: Insert security layers and learn their influence on network performance.
These projects focused on how to simulate and analyse the 5G Beyond Networks projects in NS2 simulator using the above significant methods. We are obtainable to deliver more detailed explorations and in-depth concepts, if required.
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