How to Simulate Ad Hoc Protocols Projects Using NS2

To simulate an Ad Hoc protocols within NS2 (Network Simulator 2) that includes numerous steps containing from installing NS2 to writing Tcl scripts and examining the outcomes. Here’s a guide to help us simulate Ad Hoc protocols such as AODV, DSDV, DSR, and TORA:

Steps to Simulate Ad Hoc Protocols in NS2

1. Install NS2

• Install NS2: Make certain NS2 is installed on the computer. We can install NS2 on Linux by downloading the suitable version from NS2 Official Website, or using package managers such as apt-get on Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install ns2

2. Verify NS2 Installation

• After installation, we can check if NS2 is working by entering:

ns

• If NS2 is installed properly then it will open the NS2 prompt (%).

3. Choose an Ad Hoc Protocol

NS2 supports several Ad Hoc protocols, involving:

• AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)
• DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector)
• DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)
• TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)

We can indicate the protocol in the Tcl simulation script by setting the routing protocol within the parameters.

4. Create a Tcl Simulation Script

We can write a Tcl script, which describes the network topology, simulation parameters, and the Ad Hoc protocol. Here’s an instance of a simple Tcl script for replicating an Ad Hoc network using the AODV protocol:

# Create a simulator object

set ns [new Simulator]

# Open the trace files for simulation and NAM output

set tracefile [open out.tr w]

set namfile [open out.nam w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namfile 500 500

# Define the nodes and their positions

set opt(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel

set opt(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround

set opt(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy

set opt(mac) Mac/802_11

set opt(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue

set opt(ll) LL

set opt(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna

set opt(ifqlen) 50

set opt(nn) 10  ;# Number of nodes

set opt(rp) AODV ;# Routing Protocol (AODV, DSDV, DSR, TORA)

# Setup the wireless nodes

set topo [new Topography]

$topo load_flatgrid 500 500

create-god $opt(nn)

for {set i 0} {$i < $opt(nn)} {incr i} {

set node_($i) [$ns node]

$node_($i) random-motion 0 ;# Disable random motion for now

}

# Set node initial positions

$node_(0) set X_ 100

$node_(0) set Y_ 200

$node_(0) set Z_ 0

$node_(1) set X_ 200

$node_(1) set Y_ 300

$node_(1) set Z_ 0

# Define traffic (CBR or FTP)

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $node_(0) $udp

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $node_(1) $null

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp

$cbr set packet_size_ 512

$cbr set rate_ 0.2Mb

$ns connect $udp $null

# Define simulation end time

$ns at 5.0 “finish”

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile namfile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

close $namfile

exec nam out.nam &

exit 0

}

# Start the simulation

$ns run

5. Run the Tcl Script

When we have written Tcl script:

1. Save the file as adhoc.tcl.
2. Run the script in the terminal by entering:

ns adhoc.tcl

1. It will make two files: out.tr (trace file) and out.nam (Network Animator file).

6. Visualize with NAM

• After the simulation then we open the NAM (Network Animator) file for visualization:

nam out.nam

• It will show the Ad Hoc network simulation, which permitting to visually inspect node movements and packet transmissions.

7. Analyze the Trace File

• The trace file (out.tr) comprises detailed data regarding the packet flow that containing data on packet transmission, reception, routing decisions, and drops.
• We can investigate this trace file to calculate the parameters such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-to-end delay, and so on.

8. Modify and Test Different Protocols

• To mimic other Ad Hoc protocols, we can just change the opt(rp) parameter in the Tcl script:

set opt(rp) DSDV   ;# For DSDV

set opt(rp) DSR    ;# For DSR

set opt(rp) TORA   ;# For TORA

9. Performance Evaluation

• When the simulation is done then we can extract performance parameters such as throughput, packet loss, or end-to-end delay by investigating the trace file using scripts or tools such as AWK or Perl.

10. Troubleshooting

• If we face any issues then we verify for errors in the Tcl script syntax.
• Make sure that the essential modules for the Ad Hoc protocol are encompassed in the NS2 installation.

Finally, we had shown the necessary steps for simulating Ad Hoc protocols projects that encompassing from installing NS2 to writing Tcl scripts to analysing its results with troubleshooting using NS2 analysis tool. If you have any issues, we will be clarified it too.

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