To simulate the ad hoc routing protocols projects within OPNET (Riverbed Modeler) that has encompass configuring a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) along with protocols are customized to actively found routes among the mobile nodes without based on fixed infrastructure. General ad hoc protocols comprise of AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing), and ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol). Every single protocol contains distinct features in handling the routing within a dynamic topology. Below is a sequential guide to replicating the ad hoc protocols in OPNET:
Steps to Simulate Ad Hoc Protocols Projects in OPNET
- Define Project Objectives and Scope
- Specify the purpose of the simulation: General objectives encompass estimating protocol performance under several mobility patterns, likening reactive vs. proactive protocols, then learning route discovery and maintenance, and assessing scalability.
- Set performance metrics: Key parameters to observe contain packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, protocol convergence time, and energy consumption for battery-powered nodes.
- Create a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Topology
- Set up the network layout: Model a network of mobile nodes such as laptops, smartphones in a particular area, using OPNET’s graphical interface, with each node skilled to interact with closest nodes.
- Define node mobility patterns: Replicate realistic movement, making frequent topology changes, which experiment each protocol’s adaptability utilizing OPNET’s mobility models (such as Random Waypoint or Gauss-Markov).
- Enable and Configure Ad Hoc Protocols
- Select the protocol(s):
- Select one or more ad hoc protocols, like AODV, DSR, OLSR, or ZRP, based on the certain objectives.
- Configure Protocol-Specific Parameters:
- AODV (Reactive):
- Route Discovery: Configure route request (RREQ) and route reply (RREP) metrics that containing the Time-to-Live (TTL) for route requests and the large number of retries.
- Route Timeout: Describe the active route timeout to find how long an unused route stays within the routing table.
- DSR (Reactive):
- Route Caching: Allow route caching to permit the nodes to save routes for future use that minimizing the requirement for repeated route discoveries.
- Route Maintenance: Set up route error (RERR) message settings to manage the link breakages.
- OLSR (Proactive):
- Hello and TC Intervals: For Hello messages (for neighbor discovery) and Topology Control (TC) messages, set intervals to sustain the link state data.
- Multi-Point Relay (MPR) Selection: Set up MPRs to minimize control message overflowing by describing certain nodes to relay control traffic.
- ZRP (Hybrid):
- Zone Radius: Set the zone radius describing the proactive and reactive zones. Nodes in the zone radius utilize the proactive routing, even though nodes are external depends on reactive routing.
- Intra-Zone and Inter-Zone Protocols: Set up intra-zone like IARP and inter-zone (e.g., IERP) protocols as required.
- AODV (Reactive):
- Simulate Application Traffic
- Generate application-specific traffic: Make several kinds of data flows (e.g., HTTP, FTP, VoIP) over nodes within the network utilizing OPNET’s traffic generator.
- Define communication pairs: Configure interaction among the nodes over numerous hops estimating how the ad hoc protocol handles route discovery and maintenance.
- Monitor Protocol Behavior and Routing Performance
- Track routing table updates and protocol messages:
- For AODV and DSR, observe the RREQ, RREP, and RERR messages to monitor how they manage the on-demand route discovery and route maintenance.
- Monitor periodic Hello and TC messages that support sustain current routing tables proactively, for OLSR.
- Observe intra-zone and inter-zone message swaps to know how proactive and reactive routing is balanced, for ZRP.
- Observe path selection and stability:
- Observe how each protocol chooses and sustains paths as nodes transfer that analysing the efficiency of route caching, proactive table updates, or hybrid zones.
- Simulate Network Events and Observe Protocol Response
- Node Mobility:
- Maximizes node mobility to estimate adaptability of each protocol to frequent topology modifications. Monitor table maintenance in proactive protocols and route discovery efficiency within reactive protocols.
- Link and Node Failures:
- Replicate node or link failures to monitor how the protocols reroute traffic and manage the route breaks.
- Network Scalability:
- Maximize the amount of nodes to measure scalability, calculating effects on routing overhead, protocol efficiency, and convergence time.
- Collect and Analyze Performance Metrics
- Packet Delivery Ratio: Compute the percentage of effectively delivered packets that shows the protocol’s reliability.
- End-to-End Delay: Estimate the duration for packets to move from source to destination that factoring in the impacts of route discovery or maintenance.
- Routing Overhead: Monitor the amount of bandwidth utilized by control messages in relation to data packets that indicating protocol efficiency.
- Convergence Time: For proactive protocols, calculate the duration for routing tables to stabilize after a topology change.
- Energy Consumption: If replicating the battery-powered nodes then estimate the effect of control message overhead on the battery life.
- Optimize Protocol Parameters and Experiment with Configurations (Optional)
- Test with Different Mobility Models: Test with changing mobility patterns monitoring how each protocol executes under diverse movement situations.
- Adjust Protocol Timers: Change metrics such as Hello intervals, route timeouts, and zone radius to enhance each protocol’s balance among the reaction and overhead.
- Experiment with Node Density: Maximize or minimize the node density calculating scalability of each protocol and resilience in sparse and compact networks.
- Generate Reports and Document Findings
- Create Visualizations: Make graphs and charts that displaying parameters such as packet delivery ratio, delay, routing overhead, and protocol convergence using OPNET’s data analysis tools.
- Summarize Observations: Record each protocol’s performance, strengths, and limitations, particularly noticing adaptability to mobility, effectiveness in sustaining routes, and scalability within larger networks.
In this manual, we shown the project’s objective, scope and simulation method for Ad Hoc Protocols, simulated and analysed via OPNET environment. Should it be necessary, we are furnished to deliver deeper information and related details.
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