To simulate the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) using MATLAB, we will require designing the network nodes, configuring routing tables, and replicating packet forwarding depends on the IGRP’s distance-vector routing principles. IGRP, invented by Cisco, utilizes a composite metric containing bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load to find out optimal routes in an autonomous system.
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The following is a step-by-step instruction to executing a simple IGRP simulation in MATLAB:
Steps to Simulate IGRP in MATLAB
- Define the Network Topology:
- Configure the network as an adjacency matrix in which each link has several attributes, like bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load.
- Every single node denotes a router, and each link amongst nodes signifies a connection with certain properties.
- Initialize Routing Tables:
- Each router sustains a routing table along with data regarding destination networks, next hops, and composite metrics.
- For each destination, the table saves values for bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load that are integrated into a single composite metric.
- Compute the Composite Metric:
- Utilize the IGRP’s composite metric formula: Metric=k1×Bandwidth+k2×BandwidthLoad+k3×Delay\text{Metric} = k_1 \times \text{Bandwidth} + \frac{k_2 \times \text{Bandwidth}}{\text{Load}} + k_3 \times \text{Delay}Metric=k1×Bandwidth+Loadk2×Bandwidth+k3×Delay where k1k_1k1, k2k_2k2, and k3k_3k3 are configurable constants (typically k1=1k_1 = 1k1=1, k2=0k_2 = 0k2=0, and k3=1k_3 = 1k3=1 for simplicity).
-
- Compute this metric for each link to discover the optimal routes.
- Implement Distance-Vector Updates:
- Periodically, each router distributes their routing table along with neighbors.
- Upon receiving updates, routers fine-tune its routing tables if a better route (lower metric) is discovered.
- Simulate Packet Forwarding:
- Describe the packets with origin and destination addresses.
- With the support of the routing table at each node to forward packets along the path including lowest composite metric.
- Analyze and Visualize Results:
- Envision the network topology and routing paths using plotting functions of MATLAB.
- Aggregate parameters such as convergence time, hop count, and packet delivery success rate to estimate the IGRP’s performance.
Example Code Outline
Below is an outline to replicate simple IGRP routing with composite metrics and packet forwarding:
% Define network as an adjacency matrix with link attributes
% Format: [Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load]
adjMatrix = { …
[0 0 0 0], [10 5 90 2], [5 10 85 3], [], [];
[10 5 90 2], [0 0 0 0], [5 10 85 3], [15 2 95 1], [];
[5 10 85 3], [5 10 85 3], [0 0 0 0], [], [10 3 80 2];
[], [15 2 95 1], [], [0 0 0 0], [10 4 90 2];
[], [], [10 3 80 2], [10 4 90 2], [0 0 0 0];
};
% Define IGRP constants
k1 = 1; k2 = 0; k3 = 1;
% Function to calculate IGRP composite metric for a link
function metric = calculateMetric(link, k1, k2, k3)
if isempty(link)
metric = inf; % No link
else
bandwidth = link(1);
delay = link(2);
load = link(4);
metric = k1 * bandwidth + (k2 * bandwidth / load) + k3 * delay;
end
end
% Initialize routing tables for each node
numNodes = size(adjMatrix, 1);
routingTables = cell(numNodes, 1);
for i = 1:numNodes
routingTables{i} = inf(numNodes, 1); % Initial metrics set to infinity
end
% Distance-vector algorithm for IGRP
for i = 1:numNodes
for j = 1:numNodes
if i ~= j && ~isempty(adjMatrix{i, j})
routingTables{i}(j) = calculateMetric(adjMatrix{i, j}, k1, k2, k3);
end
end
end
% Display routing tables
for i = 1:numNodes
disp([‘Routing Table for Node ‘, num2str(i)]);
disp(routingTables{i});
end
% Define packet structure
packet = struct(‘src’, 1, ‘dest’, 5, ‘path’, []);
% Function to forward packet based on IGRP routing table
function forwardPacket(packet, routingTables)
srcNode = packet.src;
destNode = packet.dest;
currentNode = srcNode;
while currentNode ~= destNode
nextHop = find(routingTables{currentNode} == min(routingTables{currentNode}));
packet.path = [packet.path, currentNode];
% If stuck in a loop, break
if isempty(nextHop) || ismember(currentNode, packet.path)
disp(‘Routing failed due to lack of path.’);
return;
end
disp([‘Node ‘, num2str(currentNode), ‘ forwards packet to Node ‘, num2str(nextHop)]);
currentNode = nextHop;
end
packet.path = [packet.path, destNode];
disp([‘Packet path: ‘, num2str(packet.path)]);
end
% Simulate packet forwarding
forwardPacket(packet, routingTables);
Explanation of the Code
- Network Topology: Every single cell in adjMatrix signifies a link with attributes like Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, and Load.
- Composite Metric Calculation: The calculateMetric function calculates the IGRP parameter for each link according to k1, k2, and k3.
- Routing Tables: Introduce each node’s routing table with infinity (unknown routes), then compute the first distances to neighbors utilizing composite metrics.
- Packet Forwarding: The forwardPacket function forwards packets by choosing the next hop including lowest composite metric until attaining the destination.
Visualization and Performance Analysis
To examine and envision the IGRP simulation:
- Network Visualization: Make a network topology display utilizing graph and plot.
- Performance Metrics: Record convergence time (how long it takes for every router to have updated routes), average path length, and packet delivery success rate.
Extending the Simulation
For an additional realistic simulation, we can deliberate:
- Periodic Route Updates: Replicate the periodic updates in which each router distributes their routing table with neighbors that enabling route recalculation.
- Dynamic Topology Changes: Mimic link failures or cost modifications and then monitor how rapidly IGRP adjusts.
- Complex Routing Metrics: Adapt the weights of bandwidth, delay, and other attributes to enhance the composite metric for certain network conditions.
In conclusion, we offered the step-by-step demonstration on how to simulate and implement the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol projects using MATLAB environment. We will customize it as per your requirements and expand it for future enhancements
