To simulate UAV-based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) using NS2 has needs to follow a series of steps that configures the simulation scenarios to set up the UAV mobility models, communication protocols, and VANET-specific parameters.
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Here’s a step-by-step guide to get started:
Steps to Simulate UAV based VANET Projects in NS2
- Install NS2
- Ensure that ns2 is installed on the system.
- Make sure that we have all necessary dependencies for mobility and VANET simulations.
- Install Necessary Patches/Modules
- VanetMobisim: This tool is useful to replicate vehicle movement in VANET environments, and it can be adapted for UAV-based simulations.
- MANNASim: This is a popular patch for replicate mobile and ad-hoc networks in NS2.
For UAV-based VANET, we want to adapt or add support for aerial mobility and higher altitudes.
- Understand NS2 Architecture for VANET
NS2 supports:
- TCL scripts: Used to organize the simulation environment and scenarios.
- C++ modules: For protocol implementations and extensions.
We will need to generate or adapt TCL scripts to describe UAV behaviors in a VANET environment.
- Configure UAV Mobility Models
UAV mobility models can be replicated using mobility extensions such as Random Waypoint or Gauss-Markov mobility models. These models are widely utilized for UAVs in NS2.
Example for a Random Waypoint mobility model:
set opt(nn) 5 ;# number of UAV nodes
set opt(x) 1000 ;# x-axis range
set opt(y) 1000 ;# y-axis range
set opt(z) 500 ;# z-axis range for altitude
set opt(stop) 100 ;# stop time
for {set i 0} {$i < $opt(nn)} {incr i} {
set node_($i) [$ns node]
$node_($i) set X_ [expr rand()*$opt(x)]
$node_($i) set Y_ [expr rand()*$opt(y)]
$node_($i) set Z_ [expr rand()*$opt(z)] ;# Setting altitude for UAV
}
We can adapt these parameters for more realistic UAV mobility models.
- Configure Communication Protocols
UAV-based VANETs usually utilize ad-hoc communication protocols. The following protocols are usually utilized:
- AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector): One of the most popular routing protocols for VANETs.
- DSR (Dynamic Source Routing): Performs well for high mobility scenarios such as UAVs.
To simulate UAV-VANET communication, we required to set up a appropriate routing protocol in the TCL script:
$ns node-config -adhocRouting AODV \
-llType LL \
-macType Mac/802_11 \
-ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \
-ifqLen 50 \
-antType Antenna/OmniAntenna \
-propType Propagation/TwoRayGround \
-phyType Phy/WirelessPhy
- Create a Scenario for UAVs and Vehicles
Describe nodes demonstrating both UAVs and ground vehicles. For UAVs, we will essential to simulate altitude and 3D mobility.
Example:
# UAV node definition
set uav(0) [$ns node]
$uav(0) set Z_ 500 ;# UAV altitude
$uav(0) set X_ 500 ;# Position on the x-axis
$uav(0) set Y_ 500 ;# Position on the y-axis
# Ground vehicle definition
set car(0) [$ns node]
$car(0) set Z_ 0 ;# Ground level (altitude)
$car(0) set X_ 300
$car(0) set Y_ 300
- Configure Data Transmission
Set up communication among UAVs and vehicles using UDP or TCP:
set udp [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $uav(0) $udp
set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $car(0) $null
$ns connect $udp $null
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set packetSize_ 512
$cbr set interval_ 0.1
- Run the Simulation
After configuring the mobility, protocol, and data transmission, executes the TCL script:
ns uav-vanet.tcl
We will get trace files (.tr) and/or animation files (.nam) that demonstrate how the UAV-based VANET performs.
- Analyse the Results
Utilize NAM (Network Animator) to envision the outcomes or evaluate trace files to measure the parameters such as throughput, packet loss, delay, etc.
We can utilize AWK or other tools for post-simulation analysis:
awk -f trace_analysis.awk uav-vanet.tr
- Optional: Integrate with Realistic UAV Simulation Models
If needed, incorporate NS2 with more realistic UAV simulation models (such as using SUMO for vehicle movement) to optimize the simulation.
Summary:
- Install NS2 and the essential patches for mobility (VanetMobisim, MANNASim).
- Configure UAV mobility and ad-hoc routing protocols (AODV, DSR).
- Describe UAVs and ground vehicles in the TCL script.
- Simulate communication using UDP/TCP and create trace files.
- Evaluate the outcomes using NAM or post-processing tools.
As shown above, we provided the detailed complete procedures to simulate the UAV-based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks project which were implemented and analyse the outcomes using the tool of ns2. Additional information with certain details on this UAV-based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks will be provided in upcoming manual.
