To simulate the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) in NS2 is difficult because of NS2 does not ought to a native execution for EIGRP, by the way it mainly concentrates on standard protocols such as RIP, OSPF, AODV, DSDV, and DSR. EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol, so replicating it exactly that need an important customization or incorporating external modules. Nevertheless, we can replicate an EIGRP-like behaviour by replicating its core functionalities like distance vector routing, Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL), and route selection according to parameters such as delay and bandwidth.
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Here’s a step-by-step guide to simulating EIGRP-like behaviour in NS2:
Steps to Simulate EIGRP-like Protocol in NS2
- Install NS2:
- Ensure that NS2 is installed appropriately on the system.
- Define Network Topology:
- Generate a basic network topology using nodes (representing routers) and links to replicate EIGRP-like routing among them.
Example of a Simple Network Topology:
# Create a new NS2 simulator instance
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define nodes
set r0 [$ns node] ;# Router 0
set r1 [$ns node] ;# Router 1
set r2 [$ns node] ;# Router 2
set r3 [$ns node] ;# Router 3
# Create duplex links between the routers
$ns duplex-link $r0 $r1 10Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $r1 $r2 10Mb 20ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $r2 $r3 10Mb 30ms DropTail
- Simulate Distance Vector Routing (EIGRP Feature):
- EIGRP utilizes distance vector routing to interchange routing information among routers. Nodes interchange updates when a route changes or becomes unavailable.
Example: Distance Vector Routing Updates
proc send_eigrp_update {src dst metric} {
puts “Router $src sending EIGRP update to $dst with metric $metric”
# Simulate routing table update logic
update_routing_table $dst $metric
}
proc update_routing_table {router metric} {
puts “Router $router updating routing table with new metric $metric”
# Add logic to select the best route based on EIGRP metrics
}
# Simulate the periodic update of routing tables
$ns at 1.0 “send_eigrp_update r0 r1 10”
$ns at 1.5 “send_eigrp_update r1 r2 20”
$ns at 2.0 “send_eigrp_update r2 r3 30”
- Implement DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) Logic:
- One of the key characteristics of EIGRP is the DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) that makes sure loop-free and efficient route computation. We can replicate the decision process in which each router chooses the best path based on distance, bandwidth, delay, and other metrics.
Example: Simulating DUAL Algorithm
proc dual_select_best_path {router paths} {
set best_path “”
set min_metric 99999
# Evaluate each path’s metric and select the best
foreach path_metric $paths {
set metric [lindex $path_metric 1]
if {$metric < $min_metric} {
set min_metric $metric
set best_path [lindex $path_metric 0]
}
}
puts “Router $router selects best path: $best_path with metric $min_metric”
}
# Simulate the best path selection process
$ns at 2.5 “dual_select_best_path r1 {{r0 10} {r2 20}}”
- Route Advertisement and Acknowledgment:
- Routers in EIGRP advertise new routes only when a topology change happens. EIGRP also utilizes acknowledgments to verify the receipt of updates.
Example: Simulating Route Advertisement and Acknowledgment
proc advertise_route {router neighbor} {
puts “Router $router advertising route to $neighbor”
# Simulate the propagation of routing updates
send_eigrp_update $router $neighbor 10
}
proc acknowledge_update {neighbor router} {
puts “Router $neighbor acknowledging the route update from $router”
}
# Simulate route advertisement and acknowledgment
$ns at 3.0 “advertise_route r0 r1”
$ns at 3.5 “acknowledge_update r1 r0”
- Simulate Traffic Flow:
- After the routing tables are updated with EIGRP-like parameters, we can replicate traffic among nodes to track the performance of the protocol.
Example: Traffic Flow Simulation
# Set up UDP traffic between router 0 and router 3
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
set udp1 [new Agent/Null]
# Attach agents to nodes
$ns attach-agent $r0 $udp0
$ns attach-agent $r3 $udp1
# Connect UDP agent to Null agent
$ns connect $udp0 $udp1
# Create a CBR (Constant Bit Rate) traffic source
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.5
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
# Start the traffic flow at 4.0s
$ns at 4.0 “$cbr0 start”
- Handle Route Failures and Convergence:
- EIGRP is known for fast convergence after route failures. We can replicate route failures and track on how the network recovers by recalculating the best available paths.
Example: Simulating Route Failures
# Simulate a link failure between r1 and r2
$ns at 5.0 “$ns rtmodel-at 5.0 down $r1 $r2”
# Simulate route recalculation after failure
$ns at 5.5 “dual_select_best_path r1 {{r0 10}}”
- Route Metrics (Delay, Bandwidth, Reliability):
- EIGRP choose the routes according to a composite parameter that contain bandwidth, delay, load, and reliability. We can replicate this by incorporate the latency, bandwidth disadvantage, and other factors in NS2 simulation.
Example: Simulating Delay and Bandwidth Metrics
proc calculate_eigrp_metric {delay bandwidth} {
set metric [expr {($delay + 256) / $bandwidth}]
return $metric
}
# Example: Calculate metric for r1 to r2
set metric [calculate_eigrp_metric 10 100]
puts “Calculated EIGRP metric: $metric”
- Run the Simulation:
- Set the simulation end time and execute the simulation to monitor how the EIGRP-like protocol performs.
Example: Running the Simulation
# Set simulation end time at 100 seconds
$ns at 100.0 “finish”
proc finish {} {
global ns
$ns flush-trace
puts “Simulation complete.”
exit 0
}
# Run the simulation
$ns run
- Trace and Analyze Results:
- Utilize NS2’s tracing mechanism to log route updates, traffic flows, and link failures. Evaluate the trace files to collect parameters like convergence time, routing overhead, and packet delivery ratio.
Example: Enabling Trace Files
set tracefile [open eigrp_simulation.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
We utilize the tools such as awk to process the trace file and evaluate the parameters such as:
-
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
- End-to-End Delay
- Routing Overhead
- Route Convergence Time
- Network Utilization
Advanced Simulation Ideas for EIGRP
- Simulating Unequal Cost Load Balancing:
- EIGRP supports unequal-cost load balancing. Replicate multiple paths among routers and apply logic to share traffic according to the path parameter.
- QoS-Aware Routing:
- Incorporate Quality of Service (QoS) constraints to the routing parameters like prioritizing paths in terms of bandwidth, delay, and reliability.
- Traffic Variations:
- Replicate different types of traffic patterns, like periodic, bursty, or multicast traffic, and monitor on how EIGRP manage different traffic loads.
- Node Failures and Recovery:
- Establish node or router failures to see how rapidly the network can recover and converge to a new stable state using EIGRP-like behaviour.
- Energy-Aware Routing:
- Apply energy-aware routing in which nodes make routing decisions according to the remaining energy in the routers (helpful for wireless sensor networks).
Metrics for EIGRP Performance Evaluation
- Convergence Time: The time it takes for the routing protocol to identify new routes after a topology alters or link failure.
- Routing Overhead: The amount of control traffic (routing updates, acknowledgments) interchanged among routers.
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): The ratio of successfully delivered data packets to the destination.
- End-to-End Delay: The average time taken for a packet to reach the destination.
- Bandwidth Utilization: How competently the available bandwidth is utilized for both data and control packets.
We provided the structured step-by-step procedures of the methods for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol that was executed and simulated using the tool of ns2. It has contains the installation procedures, then it construct the network topology aftern that apply the DUAL logic to analyse the performance over the network. more information will shared regarding this project, if needed.
