To simulate proactive routing protocols using NS2 (Network Simulator 2), we follows same steps as other routing protocol simulations. Proactive routing protocols, such as OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) and DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing), continuously conserve updated routing tables for every node, make certain routes are always available when required.
Below is a structural method on how to simulate projects using proactive routing protocols in NS2, which concentrating on OLSR and DSDV:
Steps for Simulating Proactive Protocols in NS2
- Install NS2
Make sure we have NS2 installed. Unless, we install it using the below commands for Linux systems:
sudo apt-get install ns2
For Windows, we can use Cygwin or download a precompiled NS2 package.
- Choose a Proactive Routing Protocol
NS2 supports both OLSR and DSDV as built-in routing protocols. We can select one based on the project needs. Here, we will offer instance for both OLSR and DSDDV.
- Create a TCL Simulation Script
Example 1: Simulating OLSR in NS2
Here’s an instance of a TCL script to replicate the OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) protocol:
# Define the simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
# Open trace and NAM file to store simulation results and visualization
set tracefile [open olsr_proactive.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
set namfile [open olsr_proactive.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Define the number of nodes, simulation time, and the routing protocol (OLSR)
set val(nn) 10 ;# Number of nodes
set val(stop) 50.0 ;# Simulation stop time
set val(routing) OLSR ;# Use OLSR proactive routing protocol
# Define topology
set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid 500 500
# Define network parameters
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# Channel type
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# Propagation model
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;# Network interface type
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;# MAC type
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# Interface queue
set val(ll) LL ;# Link layer type
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# Antenna model
set val(ifqlen) 50 ;# Interface queue length
set val(x) 500 ;# X dimension of topology
set val(y) 500 ;# Y dimension of topology
# Create nodes and configure OLSR routing
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
set node_($i) [$ns node]
}
# Set up the OLSR routing protocol
$ns rtproto $val(routing)
# Set node positions (You can add mobility models here)
$node_(0) set X_ 100.0
$node_(0) set Y_ 100.0
$node_(0) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(1) set X_ 200.0
$node_(1) set Y_ 200.0
$node_(1) set Z_ 0.0
# (Continue for other nodes)
# Create UDP traffic between two nodes
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $node_(0) $udp0
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $node_(1) $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
# Setup a CBR (Constant Bit Rate) application over UDP
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.01
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
$ns at 1.0 “$cbr0 start”
$ns at 50.0 “$cbr0 stop”
# End the simulation
$ns at $val(stop) “finish”
proc finish {} {
global ns tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile
exec nam olsr_proactive.nam &
exit 0
}
# Start the simulation
$ns run
Example 2: Simulating DSDV in NS2
Below is an example of how to simulate the DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing) protocol in NS2:
# Define simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
# Open trace file and NAM file
set tracefile [open dsdv_proactive.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
set namfile [open dsdv_proactive.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Define parameters
set val(nn) 10 ;# Number of nodes
set val(stop) 50.0 ;# Simulation stop time
set val(routing) DSDV ;# Use DSDV proactive routing protocol
# Define topology
set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid 500 500
# Define network parameters
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# Channel type
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# Propagation model
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;# Network interface type
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;# MAC type
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# Interface queue
set val(ll) LL ;# Link layer type
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# Antenna model
set val(ifqlen) 50 ;# Interface queue length
set val(x) 500 ;# X dimension of topology
set val(y) 500 ;# Y dimension of topology
# Create the nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
set node_($i) [$ns node]
}
# Set up DSDV routing protocol
$ns rtproto $val(routing)
# Set node positions (You can add mobility models here)
$node_(0) set X_ 100.0
$node_(0) set Y_ 100.0
$node_(0) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(1) set X_ 200.0
$node_(1) set Y_ 200.0
$node_(1) set Z_ 0.0
# (Continue setting up nodes…)
# Setup TCP traffic between two nodes
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $node_(0) $tcp0
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $node_(1) $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
# Setup FTP over TCP
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ns at 1.0 “$ftp0 start”
$ns at 50.0 “$ftp0 stop”
# End the simulation
$ns at $val(stop) “finish”
proc finish {} {
global ns tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile
exec nam dsdv_proactive.nam &
exit 0
}
# Run the simulation
$ns run
- Running the Simulation
We can save the TCL script (e.g., olsr_simulation.tcl or dsdv_simulation.tcl), and then run it using the following command in the terminal:
ns olsr_simulation.tcl
or
ns dsdv_simulation.tcl
- Visualizing the Simulation
After running the simulation then a NAM (Network Animator) file will be made that permits to envision the network and routing behaviour. Utilize the following command to open the NAM visualization:
nam olsr_proactive.nam
or
nam dsdv_proactive.nam
We will observe the nodes and the packet exchange among them.
- Analysing the Trace File
The trace file (olsr_proactive.tr or dsdv_proactive.tr) involved detailed data regarding the packet flows, routing updates, packet drops, and other events. We can examine this file using AWK, Python, or custom scripts to calculate performance parameters like:
- Packet Delivery Ratio
- Throughput
- End-to-End Delay
- Routing Overhead
- Packet Loss
- Customize the Simulation
- Change Node Mobility: Insert mobility models to replicate nodes are moving actively in the network.
- Increase Node Density: Change the amount of nodes and increase the network size.
- Simulate Different Traffic Types: We can switch from UDP to TCP traffic, or experiment applications such as FTP, HTTP, and so on.
- QoS Analysis: Execute and assess Quality of Service (QoS) in proactive protocols by changing packet size, bandwidth, delay, and queue types.
NS2 facilitated the simulation of the Proactive protocols projects that focuses on OLSR and DSDV, with additional insights available for a deeper exploration, if necessary.
We at phdprime.com are committed to being your trusted partner in guiding Proactive Protocols Projects simulations towards complete success.
