To simulate wireless routing protocol projects using NS2 has needs to follow a series of steps that contain to configure the simulation scenario, generating a network topology, setting up the routing protocols and measure the outcomes.
Here is a procedure to help you get started:
Steps for Simulating Wireless Routing Protocols in NS2
- Install NS2
- Download and install NS2 from NS2 official website.
- Follow the installation instructions for platform (Linux is recommended for NS2).
- Understand the Simulation Structure
NS2 simulation scripts are usually composed in TCL (Tool Command Language). The script describes the network topology, protocol settings, traffic generation, and other simulation metrics.
- Create the Simulation Script
A typical wireless routing protocol simulation includes the following:
- Set up Wireless Nodes: Describe the number of wireless nodes and their initial positions using the Node object.
set ns [new Simulator]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
- Define Routing Protocol: Set the routing protocol for wireless simulation. Some popular wireless routing protocols are:
- AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector)
- DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)
- DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector)
- TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)
Example for setting AODV as the routing protocol:
$ns node-config -adhocRouting AODV
- Set up Wireless Channel and Propagation Model: Describe the wireless communication environment that contain the propagation model and channel type.
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# Channel Type
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# Propagation Model
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# Antenna type
set val(ll) LL ;# Link Layer
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# Interface Queue
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;# MAC Type
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;# Network Interface
- Define Mobility and Movement: If mobility is essential in the simulation, we can specify node movement patterns by describing mobility models.
set val(x) 500 ;# X dimension of the topology
set val(y) 500 ;# Y dimension of the topology
we can also generate a movement pattern:
$n1 set X_ 5
$n1 set Y_ 5
$n1 set Z_ 0.0
$ns at 5.0 “$n1 setdest 200 300 10.0” ;# Move node to (200, 300) at speed 10 m/s
- Traffic Generation: Outline the type of traffic (TCP, UDP, and CBR) among nodes.
set udp [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set packetSize_ 512
$cbr set interval_ 0.05
$ns connect $udp $sink
- Set Simulation Time: Describe the simulation duration.
$ns at 100.0 “finish”
- Start and Stop the Simulation: it involves the commands to initiate the simulation and trace the output.
$ns run
- Run the Simulation
- Save TCL script as wireless_simulation.tcl.
- Execute the simulation in NS2:
ns wireless_simulation.tcl
- Analyse the Output
NS2 creates two primary output files:
- Trace file (usually .tr): Contains detailed information about the events in the simulation.
- NAM file (usually .nam): Utilized for network animation with the NS2’s NAM (Network Animator) tool.
We can utilize the trace file to measure the performance of the routing protocol by evaluating metrics such as:
- Packet delivery ratio
- End-to-end delay
- Throughput
- Packet loss
We can also envision the simulation in NAM to track node movement and packet flows.
- Performance Evaluation
To evaluate the performance of wireless routing protocols, we can compose a script or utilize tools such as AWK or Python to process the trace file and estimate the parameters such as:
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
- Average End-to-End Delay
- Routing Overhead
Example AWK script for Packet Delivery Ratio:
BEGIN { sent=0; received=0; }
{
if($1 == “s” && $4 == “AGT”)
sent++;
if($1 == “r” && $4 == “AGT”)
received++;
}
END { print “PDR = ” received/sent*100 “%” }
Example Projects
Some examples of wireless routing protocol simulations that we need to implement in NS2:
- Comparison of AODV and DSR:
- Mimic and relate the performance of AODV and DSR based on packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.
- Energy-Efficient Routing in MANETs:
- Replicate energy-aware routing protocols such as DSDV or LEACH and measure their performance in different mobility environment.
- Performance of TORA in High Mobility Environments:
- Replicate TORA in a high-mobility network and evaluate on how the protocol manage link breakages and path reconfigurations.
- Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks:
- Execute and mimic protocols such as LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) for wireless sensor networks and measure the energy consumption.
The above project idea discovers various aspects of wireless routing protocol performance, optimization the path and the detailed installation procedures to simulate the wireless routing protocol in ns2 tool. If you want the best results for your Wireless Routing Protocol Projects, reach out to us! We can help you create a solid network topology and provide you with detailed network comparison info.
