To simulate Cooperative Networking projects using NS2 (Network Simulator 2) that has series of steps contains making a network environment in which nodes are cooperate to enhance the communication performance, improve coverage, or save energy. It normally encompasses methods such as cooperative communication, relay selection, cooperative routing, and spectrum sharing.
Here is a step-by-step method to replicate cooperative networking in NS2:
Steps to Simulate Cooperative Networking Projects in NS2
- Install NS2
If NS2 is not already installed then we download and install it from the NS2 website. Make sure installation supports wireless and ad-hoc network simulation.
- Understand Cooperative Networking Concepts
In cooperative networking:
- Cooperative communication includes nodes performing as relays to support in sending data to other nodes, enhancing signal strength and network reach.
- Relay selection is the process in which intermediate nodes are help in forwarding packets from an origin to a destination.
- Cooperative routing improves traditional routing by integrating nodes, which can relay data, thereby maximizing reliability and network throughput.
- Define Node Types and Configure Wireless Nodes
In cooperative networking, each node can either perform as a source, destination, or relay. We will be required to set up these nodes within NS2 with appropriate settings, like communication range, initial energy (if using an energy model), and mobility.
set ns [new Simulator]
# Configure wireless nodes (source, relay, and destination)
$ns node-config -adhocRouting DSR \
-llType LL \
-macType Mac/802_11 \
-ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \
-ifqLen 50 \
-antType Antenna/OmniAntenna \
-propType Propagation/TwoRayGround \
-phyType Phy/WirelessPhy
# Define source, relay, and destination nodes
set source [$ns node]
set relay [$ns node]
set destination [$ns node]
# Set positions for source, relay, and destination
$source set X_ 0.0
$source set Y_ 0.0
$source set Z_ 0.0
$relay set X_ 50.0
$relay set Y_ 50.0
$relay set Z_ 0.0
$destination set X_ 100.0
$destination set Y_ 0.0
$destination set Z_ 0.0
- Set Up Cooperative Communication
Cooperative communication can be mimicked by making a scenarios where relay nodes help in forwarding packets from the origin to the destination. It can be done utilizing a multi-hop or relay-based communication strategy. We can describe how relays participate in sending the data.
# Create a duplex link between the source and relay, and relay to the destination
$ns duplex-link $source $relay 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $relay $destination 1Mb 10ms DropTail
- Implement Cooperative Routing Protocol
We can replicate cooperative routing by changing or choosing a routing protocol, which supports relay nodes. For instance, AODV and DSR are general protocols, which can be changed for cooperative communication. We can also launch custom routing mechanisms in which relay nodes are chosen according to their availability, energy level, or other metrics.
Example of configuring AODV routing in NS2:
# Configure AODV routing for all nodes
$ns node-config -adhocRouting AODV
To tailor the routing protocol for cooperative networking, we could change the routing behaviour within the C++ code to create relay decisions rely on certain parameters (e.g., signal strength, node proximity, or energy levels).
- Simulate Data Transmission
Cooperative networking depends on efficient data transmission among the source, relay, and destination. We can replicate data transmission utilizing UDP or TCP agents within NS2.
# Set up a UDP agent on the source and a Null agent on the destination
set udp [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $source $udp
set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $destination $null
$ns connect $udp $null
# Create a CBR traffic generator to simulate constant data flow
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set packetSize_ 512
$cbr set interval_ 0.1 ;# Transmit data every 0.1 seconds
We can repeat this configuration to replicate traffic being relayed via the intermediate node.
- Simulate Cooperative Relaying
In a cooperative network, relay nodes are support enhance the communication by forwarding packets. We can execute a cooperative relaying approach in which the relay node forwards packets to the destination after receiving them from the origin.
# Example of relay forwarding traffic
$ns at 2.0 “$relay forward-packet $destination”
The relay node can be programmed to forward packets according to the certain conditions, like the quality of the received signal or energy levels.
- Add Energy Models (Optional)
If we are replicating energy-aware cooperative networking then we can insert energy models to the nodes. It will permit to monitor how much energy each node consumes that is critical in cooperative communication where nodes perform as relays.
# Add energy model to the nodes
$ns node-config -energyModel EnergyModel \
-initialEnergy 100.0 \
-rxPower 1.0 \
-txPower 1.5 \
-idlePower 0.5 \
-sleepPower 0.01
We can utilize energy-related metrics to create relay decisions, like selecting a relay node with sufficient battery life to forward data.
- Run the Simulation
After configuring the network, agents, and traffic then we run the simulation using the below command:
ns cooperative_networking.tcl
It will replicate the network scenario with source, relay, and destination nodes are participating in cooperative communication.
- Analyze Performance
To compute the performance of the cooperative network, we can investigate parameters such as:
- End-to-end delay: Assess the time it takes for packets to travel from the origin to the destination through the relay.
- Throughput: Calculate the amount of data effectively sent over the network.
- Energy consumption: Monitor how much energy each relay and regular node consumes in the course of the simulation.
- Packet delivery ratio: Compute the ratio of effectively delivered packets to the total packets transmitted.
These parameters can be extracted from NS2’s trace files utilizing tools such as AWK or scripts for post-processing.
- Advanced Cooperative Networking Features
We can extend the simulation by executing more cooperative networking aspects, like:
- Relay selection algorithms: Execute distinct strategies for choosing the finest relay node depends on distance, signal strength, energy levels, or other factors.
- Cooperative diversity: Mimic diversity methods (e.g., multiple relays transmitting simultaneously) to enhance the reliability.
- Spectrum sharing: Execute cooperative spectrum sharing in which nodes are work together to use the available spectrum more effectively.
Example TCL Script for Cooperative Networking
Here is an instance TCL script for a simple cooperative networking simulation utilizing source, relay, and destination nodes:
# Cooperative Networking Simulation using NS2
set ns [new Simulator]
set tracefile [open cooperative_network.tr w]
set namfile [open cooperative_network.nam w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Configure wireless nodes with AODV and energy models
$ns node-config -adhocRouting AODV \
-energyModel EnergyModel \
-initialEnergy 100 \
-rxPower 1.0 \
-txPower 1.5 \
-idlePower 0.5 \
-sleepPower 0.01
# Create source, relay, and destination nodes
set source [$ns node]
set relay [$ns node]
set destination [$ns node]
# Position the nodes
$source set X_ 0.0; $source set Y_ 0.0; $source set Z_ 0.0
$relay set X_ 50.0; $relay set Y_ 50.0; $relay set Z_ 0.0
$destination set X_ 100.0; $destination set Y_ 0.0; $destination set Z_ 0.0
# Create duplex links
$ns duplex-link $source $relay 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $relay $destination 1Mb 10ms DropTail
# Set up UDP agents and CBR traffic
set udp [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $source $udp
set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $destination $null
$ns connect $udp $null
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set packetSize_ 512
$cbr set interval_ 0.1
# Schedule simulation start and stop
$ns at 1.0 “$cbr start”
$ns at 10.0 “$cbr stop”
$ns at 20.0 “finish”
$ns run
We successfully followed the above steps for Cooperative Networking Projects that were simulated and analysed using NS2 simulation. We also provided relevant examples and advanced features for this projects that very helpful to you. If necessary, we are ready to share further informations and key concepts regarding this projects.
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