To simulate an intra-domain routing protocols within NS2 that has stepwise technique, we usually concentrate on protocols, which operate in a single autonomous system (AS). General intra-domain protocols contain OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), RIP (Routing Information Protocol), and sometimes differences of IS-IS. These protocols are utilized to route packets in a network under the control of one organization or domain.
We offer a step-by-step approach to simulating intra-domain routing protocols using NS2:
Steps to Simulate Intra Domain Protocol Projects in NS2
- Install NS2
- Make certain that we have NS2 installed on the machine. The network simulator NS2 can be downloaded from the official NS2 page: NS2 Official Page.
- Supported Intra-Domain Routing Protocols in NS2
NS2 natively supports the following intra-domain protocols:
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A distance-vector routing protocol.
- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): A link-state routing protocol (you may need to apply patches for OSPF).
- Configure the Simulation Script for Intra-Domain Routing
3.1 Configure the Basic Network Topology
We will require to describe nodes, links, and configure routing protocols. Here’s a template TCL script for RIP:
# Create the simulator instance
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define trace and nam files for logging and visualization
set tracefile [open intra_domain.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
set namfile [open intra_domain.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Set the topology
set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid 500 500
# Create nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
# Define routing protocol (RIP)
$ns node-config -routingProtocol RIP
# Link the nodes with bandwidth, delay, and queue size
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail
# Set node positions (if necessary for visualization)
$ns at 1.0 “$n0 setdest 50 100 5.0”
# Traffic generation (TCP or UDP)
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0
$ns attach-agent $n4 $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
# Create an FTP application over TCP
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ns at 1.0 “$ftp0 start”
# Stop the simulation
$ns at 10.0 “finish”
$ns run
This script sets up RIP as the intra-domain routing protocol and configures a network in which nodes are associated utilizing duplex links with particular bandwidth, delay, and queue types. The simulation makes TCP traffic over the established topology.
3.2 For OSPF Simulation
To replicate OSPF in NS2, we will likely want to install an additional OSPF patch if it is not already obtainable. Here’s a general method:
- We can download an OSPF patch or add-on for NS2 (NS2.35 is often compatible with OSPF patches).
- Incorporate it into the NS2 installation by recompiling the source code.
When OSPF is installed then we can set up it same to RIP, by substituting the routing protocol in the script:
$ns node-config -routingProtocol OSPF
3.3 Traffic and Application Layer Setup
Based on the application scenario, we can be mimicked several kinds of traffic such as TCP, UDP, CBR, or FTP. It will support to examine the performance of the intra-domain routing protocol such as end-to-end delay, throughput, packet loss, and so on.
For example, generating CBR (Constant Bit Rate) traffic over UDP:
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
# Traffic generation (CBR)
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr set packetSize_ 512
$cbr set rate_ 100kb
$cbr attach-agent $udp0
$ns at 1.0 “$cbr start”
$ns at 9.0 “$cbr stop”
3.4 Node Mobility (If required)
For mobile nodes (if you’re simulating a MANET with intra-domain protocols), we can describe mobility patterns:
$ns at 5.0 “$n0 setdest 200 300 10.0” ;# Move node n0 to position (200, 300) at 10 m/s
3.5 Visualization and Tracing
The outcomes from NS2 simulations will generate trace files (.tr) and NAM files (.nam). We can be used NAM (Network Animator) to envision the behaviour of the network, packet transmissions, and routing tables.
- Run the Simulation
When we have made the simulation script (e.g., intra_domain_rip.tcl) then we can run it using NS2:
ns intra_domain_rip.tcl
It will generate trace files and a NAM file. The simulation will be offered a detailed trace record of packet transmissions, routing table updates, and so on.
- Analyze Simulation Results
We can investigate parameters such as:
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): To compute the percentage of efficiently delivered packets.
- End-to-End Delay: The time taken for a packet to pass through from origin to destination.
- Routing Overhead: The control packet overhead launched by the routing protocol.
We can be utilized AWK scripts to process trace files and collect statistics. Here is an instance of an AWK script to compute the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR):
BEGIN { sent = 0; received = 0; }
{
if ($1 == “s” && $4 == “AGT”) { sent++; }
if ($1 == “r” && $4 == “AGT”) { received++; }
}
END { print “Packet Delivery Ratio = “, received/sent*100, “%”; }
- Performance Metrics
Assess the performance of the intra-domain routing protocol by investigating the following parameters:
- Throughput
- End-to-End Delay
- Packet Loss
- Routing Overhead
Example Project Ideas for Intra-Domain Protocol Simulation
- Performance Comparison of RIP and OSPF: Replicate both RIP and OSPF in the similar network topology and compare their performance such as delay, packet delivery ratio, and routing overhead.
- Scalability of OSPF in Large Networks: Mimic OSPF in large-scale topologies including hundreds of nodes and estimate how it executes such as convergence time and control message overhead.
- RIP in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs): Utilize RIP as a routing protocol in a dynamic, mobile network and investigate how it executes in high-mobility scenarios.
- Traffic Load Analysis on RIP: Replicate distinct traffic loads (TCP/UDP) and compute how RIP manages network congestion and packet loss.
- Energy-Efficient Intra-Domain Routing Protocols: Change a routing protocol (RIP or OSPF) to contain energy-efficient metrics that appropriate for wireless sensor networks or low-power devices.
Utilizing NS2 simulator, we executed the thorough simulation process and a few sample projects ideas to replicate and evaluate the Intra Domain Protocol projects. We are furnished to expand the insights on this topic as needed.
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