To simulate HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol) has significant techniques using NS2, which is the default routing protocol for IEEE 802.11s mesh networks. It is a hybrid protocol, integrating on-demand and proactive routing. In the network simulator NS2, HWMP is not natively supported, thus we may require to replicate or execute HWMP behaviour by either utilizing a patch (if available) or manually scripting the routing logic.
Below is a step-by-step techniques on how to simulate HWMP protocol projects using NS2:
Steps to Simulate HWMP Protocol Projects in NS2
- Install NS2
Make certain that NS2 is installed on the machine. We can download it from the NS2 official website. If an HWMP patch is obtainable then we can apply it as follows:
Applying HWMP Patch (If Available)
- Download the HWMP patch for NS2.
- Apply the patch:
cd ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/
patch -p1 < hwmp-patch.diff
- Rebuild NS2:
./configure
make clean
make
- Set Up the Wireless Mesh Network Topology
HWMP is created for mesh networks, thus we will make a network of mesh nodes, which communicate using HWMP.
Example TCL Script for HWMP Topology:
# Create a new simulator instance
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define trace and nam files for logging and visualization
set tracefile [open hwmp_simulation.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
set namfile [open hwmp_simulation.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Set up network parameters (wireless channel, propagation, MAC, etc.)
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# Channel type
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# Propagation model
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;# Network interface type
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;# MAC type (adapted for mesh)
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# Interface queue type
set val(ll) LL ;# Link layer type
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# Antenna type
set val(x) 1000 ;# X dimension
set val(y) 1000 ;# Y dimension
# Configure nodes to use HWMP-like behavior
$ns node-config -adhocRouting HWMP \
-llType $val(ll) \
-macType $val(mac) \
-ifqType $val(ifq) \
-antType $val(ant) \
-propType $val(prop) \
-phyType $val(netif) \
-channelType $val(chan)
# Create mesh nodes for the network
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
# Set initial positions for nodes (optional)
$n0 set X_ 50; $n0 set Y_ 50; $n0 set Z_ 0.0
$n1 set X_ 200; $n1 set Y_ 100; $n1 set Z_ 0.0
$n2 set X_ 300; $n2 set Y_ 200; $n2 set Z_ 0.0
$n3 set X_ 400; $n3 set Y_ 300; $n3 set Z_ 0.0
$n4 set X_ 500; $n4 set Y_ 400; $n4 set Z_ 0.0
# Create wireless links between nodes (optional for mobility or topology setup)
- Set Up Traffic for HWMP Network
HWMP can be managed both TCP and UDP traffic. We can replicate traffic among mesh nodes to experiment the routing capabilities of HWMP.
Example for TCP Traffic:
# Set up TCP connection between node 0 and node 4
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0
$ns attach-agent $n4 $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
# Create FTP traffic over TCP
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ns at 2.0 “$ftp0 start”
$ns at 10.0 “$ftp0 stop”
Example for UDP Traffic (CBR):
# Set up UDP communication between node 1 and node 3
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp0
$ns attach-agent $n3 $null0
# Generate CBR traffic over UDP
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr0 set rate_ 100kb
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
$ns at 3.0 “$cbr0 start”
$ns at 12.0 “$cbr0 stop”
- Simulate HWMP Protocol Behavior
HWMP includes two mechanisms:
- On-demand Routing (Reactive): Routes are founded when required.
- Proactive Tree Building: The root node (often the mesh portal) proactively builds routes to all other nodes.
We can replicate it by permitting mesh nodes to either find routes dynamically or pre-establish routes within the network.
Example of Route Discovery:
# Node 0 initiates route discovery to node 4
$ns at 1.0 “$n0 route-discovery $n4”
- Run the Simulation
We can save TCL script (e.g., hwmp_simulation.tcl) and run it using NS2:
ns hwmp_simulation.tcl
It will generate trace files (.tr) and NAM files (.nam), which can be examined and visualized using Network Animator (NAM).
- Analyze the Simulation Results
Estimate HWMP performance using general parameters like:
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
- End-to-End Delay
- Routing Overhead
Example AWK Script to Calculate Packet Delivery Ratio:
BEGIN { sent = 0; received = 0; }
{
if ($1 == “s” && $4 == “AGT”) { sent++; }
if ($1 == “r” && $4 == “AGT”) { received++; }
}
END { print “Packet Delivery Ratio = “, received/sent*100, “%”; }
Also, we can envision the network in NAM to monitor how HWMP establishes routes among the nodes and forwards packets.
- Example Project Ideas for HWMP Simulation
- Performance Evaluation of HWMP in Dense Mesh Networks:
- Replicate a dense mesh network utilizing HWMP and investigate its performance such as route discovery time, packet delivery ratio, and routing overhead.
- Comparison of Reactive and Proactive Routing in HWMP:
- Replicate a scenario in which few routes are established reactively and others proactively, then we compare their performance.
- Energy-Efficient HWMP:
- Execute energy-aware routing metrics within HWMP and compute it effect on network lifetime and performance in a mesh network.
- HWMP in Mobile Mesh Networks:
- Mimic a mobile mesh network in which nodes are move dynamically, and examine how HWMP adjusts to mobility such as route stability and performance.
In detail we had given the stepwise approach on how to execute and simulate the Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) protocol projects using NS2 simulation environment. Moreover, we will be provided further insights and data on this subject, if needed.
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