To simulate Routing Interface Protocols in NS2 has usually needs to encompasses to handle on how routing decisions are managed via multiple interfaces or layers, specifically when a device is associated to multiple networks or required to select among different interfaces such as wired vs. wireless, or multiple wireless interfaces. NS2 can simulate such environment by using the concept of multiple routing agents or interfaces on the same node.
Here’s how you can simulate Routing Interface Protocols projects using NS2:
Steps to Simulate Routing Interface Protocol Projects in NS2
- Install NS2
Make sure that NS2 is installed on the system.
- Set up a Network Topology with Multiple Interfaces
In this simulation, we will set up a node with multiple interfaces, like one wired and one wireless, and replicate on how routing decisions are made via those interfaces. We can replicate these by using nodes with multiple agents denotes different interfaces such as one interface for a wired network and another for a wireless network.
Example TCL Script for Multiple Interfaces Simulation:
# Create a new simulator instance
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define trace and nam files for logging and visualization
set tracefile [open routing_interface_simulation.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
set namfile [open routing_interface_simulation.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Create nodes
set nodeA [$ns node] ;# Node with multiple interfaces (wired and wireless)
set nodeB [$ns node] ;# Wired neighbor
set nodeC [$ns node] ;# Wireless neighbor
# Define a wired link between nodeA and nodeB
$ns duplex-link $nodeA $nodeB 10Mb 20ms DropTail
# Define a wireless interface for nodeA and nodeC
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# Channel type
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# Propagation model
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;# Network interface type
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;# MAC type
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# Interface queue type
set val(ll) LL ;# Link layer type
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# Antenna type
set val(x) 500 ;# X dimension (network size)
set val(y) 500 ;# Y dimension
# Configure nodeC for wireless connectivity
$ns node-config -adhocRouting DSR \
-llType $val(ll) \
-macType $val(mac) \
-ifqType $val(ifq) \
-antType $val(ant) \
-propType $val(prop) \
-phyType $val(netif) \
-channelType $val(chan)
# Enable nodeC with wireless capabilities
$nodeC set X_ 300; $nodeC set Y_ 300
# Wireless interface setup between nodeA and nodeC
$ns simplex-link $nodeA $nodeC 2Mb 10ms DropTail
# Set node positions (optional for visualization)
$nodeA set X_ 100; $nodeA set Y_ 100
$nodeB set X_ 200; $nodeB set Y_ 100
This topology sets up:
- NodeA: With two interfaces, one linked to NodeB through a wired connection and one connected to NodeC via a wireless connection.
- NodeB: Connected via the wired interface.
- NodeC: Connected through the wireless interface.
- Implement Traffic Routing Over Multiple Interfaces
To mimic a routing over multiple interfaces, we can execute traffic flows among nodes using TCP or UDP. We can set up NodeA to route traffic via diverse interfaces according to conditions, like link performance or network policies.
Example for TCP Traffic:
# Set up TCP connection between nodeA and nodeB (over wired link)
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $nodeA $tcp0
$ns attach-agent $nodeB $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
# Set up another TCP connection between nodeA and nodeC (over wireless link)
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]
set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $nodeA $tcp1
$ns attach-agent $nodeC $sink1
$ns connect $tcp1 $sink1
# Create FTP traffic over the first TCP connection (wired)
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ns at 2.0 “$ftp0 start”
$ns at 10.0 “$ftp0 stop”
# Create FTP traffic over the second TCP connection (wireless)
set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1
$ns at 3.0 “$ftp1 start”
$ns at 10.0 “$ftp1 stop”
In this example:
- Traffic flows via both the wired and wireless interfaces of NodeA, associating to NodeB through a wired link and NodeC via a wireless link.
- We can execute dynamic routing logic that switches traffic from one interface to another according to network conditions.
- Implement Routing Decisions Based on Interface Conditions
We can enthusiastically choose the interface according to parameters like link quality, delay, or packet loss. For instance, we can track the performance of the interfaces and switch traffic to the best-performing interface.
Example of Interface Selection Based on Delay:
# Function to switch traffic based on delay
proc switch_interface {nodeA nodeB nodeC threshold} {
global ns
set wired_link [new Link]
set wireless_link [new Link]
# Check delay for wired and wireless interfaces
set delay_wired [$wired_link delay $nodeA $nodeB]
set delay_wireless [$wireless_link delay $nodeA $nodeC]
# Choose the interface based on the delay threshold
if {$delay_wired < $threshold} {
$ns at 1.0 “$nodeA route to $nodeB via wired”
} else {
$ns at 1.0 “$nodeA route to $nodeC via wireless”
}
}
# Switch interfaces based on delay conditions
switch_interface $nodeA $nodeB $nodeC 20 ;# Switch if wired link delay exceeds 20ms
This function track the latency on both interfaces (wired and wireless) and switches traffic accordingly.
- Run the Simulation
Once TCL script is done (e.g., routing_interface_simulation.tcl), execute the simulation using NS2:
ns routing_interface_simulation.tcl
This will create a trace file (.tr) and a NAM file (.nam) for evaluating and envision the simulation using Network Animator (NAM).
- Analyse the Simulation Results
In multi-interface routing scenarios, key parameters that contain:
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): The percentage of packets successfully delivered via each interface.
- End-to-End Delay: The time it takes for packets to reach their destination.
- Interface Switching Events: The number of times traffic is switched among interfaces according to conditions such as latency or packet loss.
Example AWK Script for Packet Delivery Ratio:
BEGIN { sent = 0; received = 0; }
{
if ($1 == “s” && $4 == “AGT”) { sent++; }
if ($1 == “r” && $4 == “AGT”) { received++; }
}
END { print “Packet Delivery Ratio = “, received/sent*100, “%”; }
This script estimate the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) by relates the number of packets transmits and received.
- Example Project Ideas for Routing Interface Protocol Simulation
- Performance Comparison of Wired vs. Wireless Interfaces:
- Replicate traffic over both interfaces and relate the performance based on packet delivery ratio, delay, and throughput.
- Dynamic Interface Switching Based on Network Load:
- Apply a mechanism that switches traffic among wired and wireless interfaces according to network load and measure the effects on overall performance.
- Energy-Efficient Routing for Multi-Interface Devices:
- Replicate energy-efficient routing that prioritizes interfaces according to both energy consumption and network performance.
- Fault Tolerance in Multi-Interface Networks:
- Replicate a fault-tolerant system in which traffic automatically switches to a backup interface such as from wired to wireless when a link failure happens.
We expounded the simulation process in step-by-step procedures that enable to implement and asses the performance and configure topology for Routing Interface Protocols using the tool of ns2. We plan to deliver more information regarding this process in upcoming manual.
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