To simulate a Fastest Routing Protocol project in NS2 has needs to follow numerous steps to follow and it is usually defined as a protocol in which the model is to reduce the end-to-end delay and prioritize the fastest possible path for data delivery. The term “fastest” doesn’t relate to any particular routing protocol, however rather denotes to how specific protocols enhanced for low latency or quick data delivery.
To simulate this in NS2, we can concentrate on routing protocols designed for speed, like:
- Shortest Path First (SPF) routing algorithms such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).
- AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector), that identify the shortest path in mobile ad-hoc networks.
- DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector), which is a proactive protocol maintaining updated routing tables with the quickest routes.
Instead, we can tweak existing protocols to select low latency and replicate the environment where we aim to reduce end-to-end delay.
Here’s a step-by-step guide to simulate such a protocol in NS2.
Steps to Simulate Fastest Protocol Projects in NS2
- Install NS2
If NS2 is not already installed, we can download it from here.
- Choose a Routing Protocol
If we are operating with ad-hoc or wireless networks, AODV is usually a good choice as it identifies the shortest path dynamically. Otherwise, if we are operating with a wired or hybrid network, OSPF or Dijkstra’s algorithm can be utilized to replicate shortest path routing.
- TCL Script Structure for Fastest Routing Simulation
Here’s an instance of how to simulate a fastest routing protocol using AODV in NS2, as AODV concentrate on identifying the shortest path among nodes.
Example TCL Script for AODV Simulation (Fastest Path)
# Create a simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define the network topology and set up wireless channel
set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid 1000 1000
# Open files for tracing and NAM visualization
set tracefile [open fastest_protocol.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
set namfile [open fastest_protocol.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namfile 1000 1000
# Define wireless channel and propagation model
set chan_1_ [new Channel/WirelessChannel]
set prop [new Propagation/TwoRayGround]
set netif [new Phy/WirelessPhy]
set mac [new Mac/802_11]
set ll [new LL]
set ifq [new Queue/DropTail/PriQueue]
set antenna [new Antenna/OmniAntenna]
# Set routing protocol to AODV (fastest path finder in mobile ad-hoc networks)
set adhocRouting AODV
# Node configuration
$ns node-config -adhocRouting $adhocRouting \
-llType $ll \
-macType $mac \
-ifqType $ifq \
-ifqLen 50 \
-antType $antenna \
-propType $prop \
-phyType $netif \
-channel $chan_1_ \
-topoInstance $topo \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON
# Create mobile nodes
set num_nodes 5
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_nodes} {incr i} {
set node($i) [$ns node]
}
# Set node positions (you can adjust these positions for testing different topologies)
$node(0) set X_ 50.0
$node(0) set Y_ 50.0
$node(1) set X_ 100.0
$node(1) set Y_ 100.0
$node(2) set X_ 200.0
$node(2) set Y_ 200.0
$node(3) set X_ 300.0
$node(3) set Y_ 300.0
$node(4) set X_ 400.0
$node(4) set Y_ 400.0
# Define mobility (optional)
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_nodes} {incr i} {
$ns at 0.0 “$node($i) setdest 500 500 15”
}
# Create a TCP agent and attach it to node 0 (source node)
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $node(0) $tcp0
# Create a TCP Sink agent and attach it to node 4 (destination node)
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $node(4) $sink0
# Connect the TCP agent and the Sink agent
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
# Create an FTP application over TCP and start generating traffic
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp0
$ns at 1.0 “$ftp start”
$ns at 10.0 “$ftp stop”
# Set up the simulation to end after 15 seconds
$ns at 15.0 “finish”
# Define the finish procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile
exec nam fastest_protocol.nam &
exit 0
}
# Run the simulation
$ns run
- Explanation of the Script
- Simulator Setup: Generates a simulator object and describes the trace and NAM (Network Animator) files to log simulation events.
- Node Creation: Five mobile nodes are generated and set up with AODV that identify the shortest path dynamically.
- Mobility: We can describe mobility for the nodes using the setdest command that permits them to move within the defined area.
- Traffic Generation: An FTP application creates traffic over TCP that is begins at 1 second and ends at 10 seconds.
- End Simulation: The simulation executes for 15 seconds, after which the trace files are flushed, and NAM is systematically introduced to envision the simulation.
- Running the Simulation
Once we have created the TCL script (e.g., fastest_protocol.tcl), execute it using NS2 with the following command:
ns fastest_protocol.tcl
- Analysing the Results
- NAM Visualization: Open the .nam file in NAM (Network Animator) to envision how packets are transmit and received how the routing takes place, and the movement of nodes. we can utilize the following command to view the animation:
nam fastest_protocol.nam
- Trace File Analysis: Evaluate the .tr file using AWK or Python to extract parameters such as:
- End-to-End Delay: The time it takes for a packet to travel from the source to the destination.
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): The ratio of successfully delivered packets.
- Throughput: The total data successfully delivered over the network in the course of the simulation.
Example AWK Script to Calculate End-to-End Delay:
BEGIN { sent_time = 0; received_time = 0; delay = 0; }
{
if ($1 == “s” && $4 == “tcp”) {
sent_time = $2;
}
if ($1 == “r” && $4 == “tcp”) {
received_time = $2;
delay = received_time – sent_time;
print “End-to-End Delay: “, delay;
}
}
- Alternative Routing Protocols
We can replace AODV with other routing protocols that choose speed or shortest path:
- DSDV: A proactive routing protocol that sustains routing tables to make sure the shortest path is always known.
set adhocRouting DSDV
- OSPF: we can replicate Open Shortest Path First protocol by using custom patches or extensions to NS2.
- Performance Metrics for Fastest Protocols
To measure the performance of a “fastest” protocol, concentrate on the following parameter:
- End-to-End Delay: Minimize the time taken for packets to travel via the network.
- Hop Count: The amount of hops or intermediate nodes that packets pass through. Smaller amount of hops generally consequence in lower delay.
- Throughput: Exploit the data successfully delivered over the network.
- Jitter: Alter in packet arrival time, significant in real-time applications.
From the demonstration we had successfully and efficiently simulate the Fastest Routing Protocol project in the ns2 environment that contain installation procedure, example snippets and how Fastest Routing Protocol process the network and analyse the outcomes. Further details regarding the Fastest Routing Protocol will be provided in upcoming manual. Please provide all your information to phdprime.com, where we guarantee you will receive excellent guidance on the fastest protocol projects utilizing NS2 simulation.
