To simulate Flooding Routing within NS2, we will require configuring a network in which packets are broadcast to entire nodes. Flooding is a basic routing method where a packet received by a node is sent to all of its neighbours except the one from which it was received. It resumes until the packet attains its destination or a maximum hop count is attained. Below is a simple procedure for simulating Flooding Routing projects in NS2:
Steps to Simulate Flooding Routing in NS2
- Install NS2
Make sure we have NS2 installed on the system. If not, we can download it from the NS2 Official Website and install it.
- Create the TCL Script for Flooding
In this script, we will configure a network and replicate the flooding of packets throughout the network. Every node within the network will send the packet to all its neighbours except the sender node.
Example TCL Script for Flooding Routing:
# Create a new simulator instance
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define trace and NAM files for analysis and visualization
set tracefile [open “flooding_trace.tr” w]
set namfile [open “flooding_simulation.nam” w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Create network nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
# Establish duplex links between the nodes (bandwidth and delay)
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n3 1Mb 15ms DropTail
# Define a UDP agent on the source node (n0)
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0
# Create a traffic generator to send data via UDP
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr0 set rate_ 0.5Mb
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
# Create UDP sinks on all other nodes to receive the flooded packets
set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
set udp2 [new Agent/UDP]
set udp3 [new Agent/UDP]
set udp4 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp1
$ns attach-agent $n2 $udp2
$ns attach-agent $n3 $udp3
$ns attach-agent $n4 $udp4
# Flood packets to all neighboring nodes
proc flood {} {
global ns udp0 udp1 udp2 udp3 udp4
# Connect UDP source to all UDP sinks to simulate flooding
$ns connect $udp0 $udp1
$ns connect $udp0 $udp2
$ns connect $udp0 $udp3
$ns connect $udp0 $udp4
}
# Schedule flooding and start traffic at 1.0 seconds
$ns at 1.0 “flood”
$ns at 1.0 “$cbr0 start”
$ns at 4.0 “$cbr0 stop”
# Finish simulation after 5 seconds
$ns at 5.0 “finish”
proc finish {} {
global ns tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile
exit 0
}
# Run the simulation
$ns run
- Run the Simulation
We need to save this script as flooding_simulation.tcl and then execute it using NS2:
ns flooding_simulation.tcl
- Visualize the Flooding Behavior in NAM
After the simulation executes, we can envision how the flooding routing happens in the network utilizing the NAM tool:
nam flooding_simulation.nam
- Analyze the Trace File
The trace file (flooding_trace.tr) will include all the events, which took place for the period of the simulation. We can parse this trace file to examine:
- The amount of packet transmissions.
- The numbers of duplicate packets are received.
- Packet delivery ratio, throughput, and end-to-end delay.
- Modifying the Simulation
- We can maximize the number of nodes and links, and monitor how the flooding scales.
- Modify the topology by inserting more links among the nodes or by launching diverse network layouts (e.g., mesh, ring, or grid) to experiment how flooding executes under distinct conditions.
- Launch packet loss or delay to observe how robust flooding is to network conditions.
Optional Enhancements:
- Limit the Scope of Flooding: We can insert a Time-to-Live (TTL) or hop count mechanism to avoid flooding from going very far and needlessly consuming bandwidth.
- Packet Loss and Network Failure: Launch packet loss or node failures to monitor how flooding manages the network disruptions.
Throughout the simulation, we distributed the step by step procedures to simulate and set up the Flooding Routing Projects using NS2 tool and we provided enhancements also. We equipped to offer more details in further manual regarding the Flooding Routing project.
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