To simulate the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) using OPNET Modeler, we need to configure a network, which utilizes geographic or position-based routing in which every node sends packets to the neighbouring node into the destination. GPSR aggregates the greedy forwarding that selecting the nearby neighbor to the destination along with perimeter routing managing cases in which greedy forwarding fails by reason of obstacles or dead ends within the network.
As OPNET natively doesn’t support GPSR beyond the range, to execute the GPSR normally contains custom sets up or expansions. Following is a stepwise method to simulate GPSR in OPNET:
Steps to Simulate Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Projects in OPNET
- Set Up the OPNET Project
- Launch OPNET Modeler then make a new project for GPSR routing.
- Describe the workspace in the network and simulation duration, to seize metrics like hop count, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery rate.
- Design a Wireless or Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Topology
- For wireless networks, GPSR is well-matched like MANETs or wireless sensor networks in which nodes probably moveable.
- Utilize either a grid or random distribution to make a network along with mobile nodes is organized within a geographic area, to learn the performance of GPSR.
- Set up nodes including wireless interfaces and then make sure that they contain a transmission range adequate interacting with neighbors in a reasonable distance.
- Implement GPSR Routing Logic (Custom Process)
- As GPSR is not obtainable by default within OPNET, make a custom routing protocol executing functionality of GPSR.
- Greedy Forwarding: Train the nodes to send packets to the nearest neighbor to the destination depends on the GPS coordinates.
- Perimeter Mode: Once greedy forwarding fails that is no nearer node to the destination then the node would change to perimeter mode to use right-hand rule traversal around obstacles awaiting greedy forwarding can continue.
- Location Service: GPSR depends on the nodes to learn the location of destination. If required then replicate a location service or consider nodes contain GPS or for routing purposes locating data.
- Utilize OPNET’s Process Model editor to construct these functions:
- Describe the neighbor discovery and swap location data occasionally along with nearby nodes.
- For switching, execute a decision process among greedy forwarding and perimeter routing according to the node positions.
- Configure Link Characteristics
- Describe link metrics that contains bandwidth, delay, and transmission range, designing realistic wireless interaction for each wireless link.
- Make sure that transmission ranges are sufficient to sustain the connectivity along with nearest nodes, however it not as big as reducing require for multi-hop routing.
- Define Application Traffic and Data Flows
- Make data flows to configure application traffic which GPSR will manage:
- Describe traffic patterns such as HTTP, FTP, or custom sensor data that indicating destination nodes in Application Config and Profile Config.
- In the network, link profiles to source and destination nodes mimicking realistic data flows.
- Set Up GPS Coordinates for Nodes
- Allocate each node a certain geographic coordinate (x, y) in the replication area.
- Set up nodes along with mobility models such as random waypoint for mobility, if we desire to monitor the reaction of GPSR modifying node locations.
- Enable Metrics Collection for GPSR Analysis
- Allow parameters that related to the performance of GPSR:
- Hop Count: Monitor the number of hops for every packet receives from source to destination.
- Packet Delivery Ratio: Estimate the percentage of packets effectively distributed to the total number transmitted, computing the reliability of GPSR.
- End-to-End Delay: Observe the duration moving from source to destination for packets.
- Neighbor Table Updates: Focus on how frequently nodes update its neighbor tables, since it impacts the routing decisions of GPSR.
- Run the Simulation
- Execute the replication then observe the performance of GPSR since packets are sent utilizing both greedy and perimeter routing.
- Monitor node communications and neighbor table updates while nodes create the local decisions according to its geographic positions.
- Analyze Results
- Estimate the performance of GPSR using OPNET’s analysis tools, after the simulation accomplishes:
- Route Efficiency: Analyse the average hop count then equate it to the geographic distance of network monitoring how successfully GPSR routes packets.
- Delivery Success: Verify the packet delivery percentage knowing GPSR’s reliability in situations along with obstacles or high mobility.
- Latency and Delay: Examine end-to-end delay to observe if GPSR meets application needs for successful deliveries.
- Power and Resource Usage (if applicable): If utilizing GPSR within a resource-constrained network then monitor power usage or node longevity in GPSR.
With the support of simulation methods, we successfully accomplished the simulation and analysis of Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Projects using OPNET tool. Further details will be added later.
To effectively simulate Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Projects using OPNET, we will adhere to a series of simulation steps to configure your project. By understanding your requirements, we ensure that your work is completed on time and meets high-quality standards.
