To simulate Intra-domain protocols in ns3 has numerous steps to follow and it is used within a single administrative domain like a company or ISP to handle routing and forwarding of packets. Common intra-domain protocols contain:
- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): A link-state routing protocol.
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A distance-vector routing protocol.
- EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol): A Cisco proprietary hybrid routing protocol.
In this guide, we will walk through how to simulate intra-domain protocols using NS3 for RIP, OSPF-like behavior, and some concepts around EIGRP.
Step-by-Step Implementation:
- Simulating RIP (Distance Vector Protocol)
RIP is directly supported in NS3 through the RipHelper class, and it can be emulated by creating a network of routers that interchange routing information.
Example: Simulating RIP in NS3
#include “ns3/core-module.h”
#include “ns3/network-module.h”
#include “ns3/internet-module.h”
#include “ns3/rip-helper.h”
#include “ns3/point-to-point-module.h”
#include “ns3/applications-module.h”
using namespace ns3;
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
NodeContainer routers;
routers.Create (4); // Create 4 routers
// Create point-to-point links between routers
PointToPointHelper p2p;
p2p.SetDeviceAttribute (“DataRate”, StringValue (“1Mbps”));
p2p.SetChannelAttribute (“Delay”, StringValue (“2ms”));
NetDeviceContainer devices;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < routers.GetN() – 1; ++i)
{
devices.Add(p2p.Install (routers.Get(i), routers.Get(i+1)));
}
// Install Internet stack and RIP on all routers
InternetStackHelper internet;
RipHelper ripRouting;
Ipv4ListRoutingHelper list;
list.Add (ripRouting, 0);
internet.SetRoutingHelper (list);
internet.Install (routers);
// Assign IP addresses to the links
Ipv4AddressHelper ipv4;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < routers.GetN() – 1; ++i)
{
ipv4.SetBase (“10.0.” + std::to_string(i + 1) + “.0”, “255.255.255.0”);
ipv4.Assign (p2p.Install (routers.Get(i), routers.Get(i+1)));
}
// Create an application (UDP Echo) to test routing
UdpEchoServerHelper echoServer (9);
ApplicationContainer serverApps = echoServer.Install (routers.Get (3));
serverApps.Start (Seconds (1.0));
serverApps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));
UdpEchoClientHelper echoClient (Ipv4Address (“10.0.3.2”), 9);
echoClient.SetAttribute (“MaxPackets”, UintegerValue (1));
echoClient.SetAttribute (“Interval”, TimeValue (Seconds (1.0)));
echoClient.SetAttribute (“PacketSize”, UintegerValue (1024));
ApplicationContainer clientApps = echoClient.Install (routers.Get (0));
clientApps.Start (Seconds (2.0));
clientApps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));
// Run the simulation
Simulator::Run ();
Simulator::Destroy ();
return 0;
}
- Simulating OSPF-like Behavior in NS3
Since OSPF is not directly supported in NS3, we can emulate OSPF-like behavior using Static Routing or Global Routing that acts as similarly to link-state protocols.
Example: Simulating OSPF-Like Behavior Using Static Routes
#include “ns3/core-module.h”
#include “ns3/network-module.h”
#include “ns3/internet-module.h”
#include “ns3/point-to-point-module.h”
#include “ns3/applications-module.h”
using namespace ns3;
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
NodeContainer routers;
routers.Create (3); // Create 3 routers
// Set up point-to-point links between the routers
PointToPointHelper p2p;
p2p.SetDeviceAttribute (“DataRate”, StringValue (“1Mbps”));
p2p.SetChannelAttribute (“Delay”, StringValue (“2ms”));
NetDeviceContainer devices12 = p2p.Install (routers.Get(0), routers.Get(1));
NetDeviceContainer devices23 = p2p.Install (routers.Get(1), routers.Get(2));
// Install the Internet stack
InternetStackHelper internet;
internet.Install (routers);
// Assign IP addresses to the point-to-point links
Ipv4AddressHelper ipv4;
ipv4.SetBase (“10.1.1.0”, “255.255.255.0”);
Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces12 = ipv4.Assign (devices12);
ipv4.SetBase (“10.1.2.0”, “255.255.255.0”);
Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces23 = ipv4.Assign (devices23);
// Use global routing (similar to OSPF) to populate routing tables
Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper::PopulateRoutingTables();
// Create a UDP Echo server to simulate traffic
UdpEchoServerHelper echoServer (9);
ApplicationContainer serverApps = echoServer.Install (routers.Get (2));
serverApps.Start (Seconds (1.0));
serverApps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));
// Create a UDP Echo client to send packets to the server
UdpEchoClientHelper echoClient (interfaces23.GetAddress (1), 9);
echoClient.SetAttribute (“MaxPackets”, UintegerValue (1));
echoClient.SetAttribute (“Interval”, TimeValue (Seconds (1.0)));
echoClient.SetAttribute (“PacketSize”, UintegerValue (1024));
ApplicationContainer clientApps = echoClient.Install (routers.Get (0));
clientApps.Start (Seconds (2.0));
clientApps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));
// Run the simulation
Simulator::Run ();
Simulator::Destroy ();
return 0;
}
- Simulating EIGRP in NS3
EIGRP is a Cisco-proprietary protocol and is not directly available in NS3. But we can execute EIGRP-like behavior manually or by using external tools such as Quagga or FRRouting (FRR) integrated with NS3’s DCE (Direct Code Execution) module. This combination permits you to execute Quagga or FRRouting in an NS3 simulation to simulate protocols like EIGRP.
Example: Simulating EIGRP-like Behavior in NS3 (Manual)
We can utilize a combination of static routing or hybrid routing approaches to emulate EIGRP-like behavior manually by describing custom metric calculations and route selection.
Integration of Quagga (for EIGRP)
- Install NS3 and NS3-DCE: Install NS3 with Direct Code Execution (DCE) for processing Quagga or FRRouting.
Example installation:
sudo apt-get install ns3-dce
- Set Up Quagga: Install Quagga or FRR and setting it to simulate EIGRP routing by setting up configuration files and combined them with NS3 simulation.
- Run EIGRP: Utilize the DceManagerHelper in NS3 to handle EIGRP routing behavior through Quagga or FRR.
- Simulating IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)
Since IS-IS (another link-state routing protocol) is not directly supported in NS3, we can follow the same approach used for OSPF by manually setting static routes or using external routing software.
Summary of Tools and Concepts for Simulating Intra-Domain Protocols:
- RIP: Supported natively through RipHelper.
- OSPF: Simulated using global or static routing.
- EIGRP: Replicated through external tools such as Quagga or FRRouting incorporated with NS3-DCE.
- IS-IS: Simulated similarly to OSPF using static routes or external tools.
Running the Simulation:
To execute the above scripts, utilize the following commands:
./waf configure
./waf build
./waf –run <your-script-name>
By following these examples, we can emulate intra-domain protocols in NS3 and discover on how different routing protocols performs within a single autonomous system or administrative domain.
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