To simulate intrusion attacks in NS2 has includes to design the malicious activities, like unauthorized access, denial of service, data manipulation, or network disruption, in a replicated network. These threats usually target network security susceptibilities, and an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is usually utilized to identify and prevent such attacks. In NS2, we can replicate different kinds of intrusion attacks by set up nodes to show malicious behaviour, like packet dropping, traffic flooding, or impersonation.
Here’s a step-by-step procedures to mimic an intrusion attack and possibly incorporate IDS for detection using NS2.
Steps to Simulate Intrusion Attacks Projects in NS2
Step 1: Set Up NS2
Make sure that we have NS2 installed on the system. If we need to replicate wireless networks, making sure that NS2 is setting up with wireless extensions.
Step 2: Understand Intrusion Attacks
There are numerous kinds of intrusion attacks that can simulate, that contain:
- Packet Dropping (Blackhole or Grayhole Attacks): A malicious node drops packets rather than forwarding them.
- Denial of Service (DoS): The attacker floods the network with traffic, overwhelming bandwidth and resources.
- Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack: The attacker interrupts traffic among two legitimate nodes, probably changing the data.
- Impersonation Attack: The attacker concealments as an appropriate node to gain access to network resources.
In many instances, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are utilized to identify these malicious activities.
Step 3: Design the Network Topology
To mimic an intrusion attack, that need:
- Normal Nodes: Nodes which creates legitimate traffic.
- Attacker Node: A malicious node which exhibits intrusion behaviour such as packet dropping, traffic flooding.
- Intrusion Detection System (IDS): Optionally, a node or mechanism to identify the intrusion according to traffic behaviour.
Step 4: Create an NS2 TCL Script for Intrusion Attack Simulation
Here’s an instance TCL script for replicating a packet-dropping attack (Blackhole) in which a malicious node drops all packets designed for forwarding.
Example: Packet-Dropping (Blackhole) Attack Simulation in NS2
# Create a new simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define network topology (with 5 nodes)
set n0 [$ns node] ;# Legitimate Client 1
set n1 [$ns node] ;# Legitimate Client 2
set n2 [$ns node] ;# Malicious Node (Blackhole)
set n3 [$ns node] ;# Legitimate Node (Forwarder)
set n4 [$ns node] ;# Target Server
# Create duplex links between the nodes (10ms delay, 1Mb bandwidth)
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail
# Define UDP agents for legitimate clients
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0
set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp1
# Define a traffic sink (Null agent) at the target to receive legitimate traffic
set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $null
# Connect legitimate clients to the target
$ns connect $udp0 $null
$ns connect $udp1 $null
# Define CBR traffic for legitimate clients
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.1
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr1 set interval_ 0.1
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1
# Start traffic from the legitimate clients
$ns at 1.0 “$cbr0 start”
$ns at 1.5 “$cbr1 start”
# Define the behavior of the malicious node (Blackhole)
proc blackhole_attack {node} {
global ns
# Configure the malicious node to drop all packets
$node set sink_ true
puts “Blackhole attack: Node $node is dropping all packets.”
}
# Schedule the Blackhole attack at 2.0 seconds
$ns at 2.0 “blackhole_attack \$n2”
# Stop traffic after 10 seconds
$ns at 10.0 “$cbr0 stop”
$ns at 10.0 “$cbr1 stop”
# Trace file for recording the simulation events
set tracefile [open “intrusion_attack.tr” w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
# NAM file for network animation
set namfile [open “intrusion_attack.nam” w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Define the finish procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile
exec nam intrusion_attack.nam &
exit 0
}
# Finish the simulation after 12 seconds
$ns at 12.0 “finish”
# Run the simulation
$ns run
Step 5: Explanation of the Script
- Network Setup:
- The script describes five nodes: two legitimate clients (n0, n1), a malicious node (n2), an intermediate forwarding node (n3), and a target server (n4).
- Duplex links interconnect the clients and attacker to the target server.
- Legitimate Traffic:
- UDP agents are connected to the legitimate clients (n0, n1), and a Null agent is attached to the target (n4).
- CBR traffic (Constant Bit Rate) is created from the appropriate clients to the target at consistent intervals (0.1 seconds).
- Intrusion Attack (Blackhole):
- The attacker node (n2) is set up to drop all incoming packets, which replicate a Blackhole attack in which the node drops packets that should be forwarded.
- The attack is scheduled to initiate at 2.0 seconds using the blackhole_attack procedure.
- Tracing and Visualization:
- A trace file (intrusion_attack.tr) is created to record packet-level events.
- A NAM file (intrusion_attack.nam) is generated for envision the network behaviour in NAM.
Step 6: Run the Simulation
- Save the script as intrusion_attack.tcl.
- Execute the script in NS2:
ns intrusion_attack.tcl
This will generate two files:
- intrusion_attack.tr: A trace file which logs all network events.
- intrusion_attack.nam: A file for envisioning the attack in NAM.
Step 7: Visualize the Simulation Using NAM
To envision the intrusion attack, utilize NAM:
nam intrusion_attack.nam
In NAM, you will observe:
- Legitimate traffic among the clients and the target server.
- The malicious node dropping all packets rather than forwarding them after 2.0 seconds.
Step 8: Analyse the Trace File
The trace file (intrusion_attack.tr) encompasses detailed information about every packet routed in the course of the simulation. We can measure the file to:
- Evaluate the packet delivery ratio (PDR) before and in the course of the attack.
- Monitor the disruption triggered by the Blackhole attack, like packet loss or delays.
- Measure the overall network performance in the occurrence of the attack.
We can utilize tools such as AWK, Python, or custom scripts to process the trace file and extract parameters.
Step 9: Enhance the Simulation
Here are ways to improve the simulation:
- Add an Intrusion Detection System (IDS): Apply IDS which observes traffic and identify anomalies such as packet drops or traffic flooding. The IDS could increase an alarm when it identifies malicious behaviour.
- Simulate Different Attacks: Test with other kinds of intrusion attacks, like DoS, MITM, or impersonation attacks.
- Increase Network Complexity: Incorporate more nodes and generate a larger, more complex network to replicate more realistic environment.
- Measure Performance Metrics: Enumerate the effect of the attack using parameters like packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay, throughput, or network congestion.
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