To simulate optimal routing projects using NS2, we will normally execute or set up the routing protocols, which target to reduce particular parameters like end-to-end delay, energy consumption, or total path cost. Optimal routing includes choosing the finest path depends on the predefined optimization criteria, like bandwidth, delay, energy, or traffic load.
Below is a general approach to simulating optimal routing using NS2:
Steps to Simulate Optimal Routing in NS2
- Install NS2
Make certain that NS2 is installed on the system. If not, then we can download it from the NS2 Official Website and we follow the installation guide.
- Choose a Routing Protocol
There are numerous ways to replicate an optimal routing in NS2. We can:
- Utilize a dynamic routing protocol like OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) or Dijkstra’s Algorithm to discover the shortest or least-cost path.
- Execute the custom routing protocols including certain optimization goals, such as reducing energy or increasing throughput.
- Create a TCL Script for Optimal Routing Simulation
In this instance, we will utilize a shortest-path algorithm to mimic optimal routing. We can prolong this script to enhance according to other parameters, like energy or load balancing.
Example TCL Script for Optimal Routing Simulation:
# Create a simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define trace and NAM files for analysis and visualization
set tracefile [open “optimal_routing_trace.tr” w]
set namfile [open “optimal_routing_simulation.nam” w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Create network nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
# Create links with different costs (bandwidth and delay)
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 20ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 30ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 1Mb 25ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n3 1Mb 15ms DropTail
# Set up dynamic routing protocol (e.g., Dijkstra’s Algorithm or OSPF)
for {set i 0} {$i < 5} {incr i} {
$ns at 0.0 “$n$i start-dv-routing” ;# Example using Distance Vector (can adapt to OSPF)
}
# Create UDP agents for sending and receiving traffic
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
# Attach UDP agents to the source (n0) and destination (n4)
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0
$ns attach-agent $n4 $udp1
# Define a CBR (Constant Bit Rate) traffic generator
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr0 set rate_ 1Mb
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
# Connect the source and destination agents
$ns connect $udp0 $udp1
# Schedule the traffic flow
$ns at 1.0 “$cbr0 start”
$ns at 4.5 “$cbr0 stop”
# Define the finish procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile
exit 0
}
# End the simulation at 5 seconds
$ns at 5.0 “finish”
# Run the simulation
$ns run
- Run the Simulation
We need to save the script as optimal_routing_simulation.tcl and execute it in NS2:
ns optimal_routing_simulation.tcl
- Visualize the Simulation
We can open the .nam file to envision the network and observe how the optimal routing paths are selected:
nam optimal_routing_simulation.nam
- Analyze the Trace File
The trace file (optimal_routing_trace.tr) will encompass detailed data regarding packet transmissions, routing decisions, and performance parameters such as:
- End-to-end delay.
- Packet delivery ratio.
- Entire path cost rely on the metric used (delay, bandwidth, and so on.).
- Modify the Simulation for Different Optimization Goals
- Energy-Aware Routing: Execute an energy-efficient routing by inserting energy consumption parameters to each node and enhancing routes depends on energy availability.
- Bandwidth Optimization: Utilize link bandwidth as the optimization criterion and change the routing decisions according to the increasing bandwidth.
- Load Balancing: Insert more traffic flows and execute a routing protocol, which enhances traffic load distribution.
Optional Enhancements:
- Failure Handling: Replicate node or link failures and monitor how the routing protocol actively chooses new optimal paths.
- Adaptive Routing: Execute a custom adaptive routing protocol, which modifies according to the real-time network conditions such as congestion or traffic load.
- Performance Comparison: Mimic diverse routing protocols like OSPF, AODV, DSR and relate their performance such as optimal path selection.
These projects approach contains installation, execution, visualization and modification for Optimal Routing projects, which was simulated within NS2 simulation tool. We get ready to provide additional details on this topic according to your needs.
If you want to receive assistance with your Optimal Routing Projects, simply provide us with the relevant details. Our team of top experts at phdprime.com will offer you simulation support tailored to current trends. We also focus on established optimization criteria such as bandwidth, delay, energy consumption, and traffic load for your projects.
