To simulate Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIP v2) in NS2, has requires to familiarize that NS2 supports Routing Information Protocol (RIP) as part of its built-in routing protocols, however there is no native support for RIP v2. We can, but, simulate simple RIP functionality and replicate specific RIPv2 features by adapting route updates and configurations.
Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to simulate RIPv2 behaviour using NS2.
Steps to Simulate RIPv2 Protocol Projects in NS2
- Install NS2
Make sure that NS2 is installed on the system. We can download it from the NS2 official page and follow the installation instructions.
- Set up Network Topology
In RIP v2, routers interchange routing information in a certain network. In NS2, we can generate a similar setup by describing nodes and duplex links among them to signify routers and links in the network.
Example TCL Script for RIP v2 Topology:
# Create a new simulator instance
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define trace and nam files for logging and visualization
set tracefile [open ripv2_simulation.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
set namfile [open ripv2_simulation.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Create nodes (routers in the network)
set n0 [$ns node] ;# Router 1
set n1 [$ns node] ;# Router 2
set n2 [$ns node] ;# Router 3
set n3 [$ns node] ;# Router 4
# Set up duplex links between routers (network links)
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 20ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail
- Configure RIP (Emulating RIP v2 Features)
RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol that utilizes hop counts to regulate the optimal path. Since NS2 supports RIP, we can replicate RIP v2 behavior by set up RIP to contain subnet masks or other improvements manually.
Enabling RIP:
# Configure routing protocol (RIP)
$ns node-config -routingProtocol RIP
# Optionally, you can also simulate periodic route updates
$ns at 2.0 “n0 route-update”
$ns at 2.5 “n1 route-update”
To simulate RIP v2-specific features such as subnet masks, we required to describe route entries in the simulation.
Example of Adding Subnet Route Entries:
# Add a subnet entry (to mimic RIP v2)
$n0 add-route $n3 via $n1
$n1 add-route $n3 via $n2
$n2 add-route $n0 via $n1
- Set Up Traffic Between Nodes
We can replicate traffic among different nodes (routers) in the network using TCP or UDP traffic. This traffic will permits you to evaluate on how RIP v2-like routing updates impacts data transmission via the network.
Example for TCP Traffic:
# Set up TCP traffic between node 0 and node 3
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
# Create FTP application to generate traffic over TCP
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ns at 1.0 “$ftp0 start”
$ns at 10.0 “$ftp0 stop”
Example for UDP Traffic (CBR):
# Set up UDP communication from node 1 to node 2
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp0
$ns attach-agent $n2 $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
# Create CBR traffic over UDP
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr0 set rate_ 100kb
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
$ns at 2.0 “$cbr0 start”
$ns at 12.0 “$cbr0 stop”
- Simulate RIP Route Updates
In RIP, routers occasionally interchange route updates. We can mimic periodic route updates in NS2, that implements RIP v2’s regular broadcasting of route information.
# Define periodic route updates for RIP
$ns at 2.0 “$n0 route-update”
$ns at 5.0 “$n1 route-update”
$ns at 8.0 “$n2 route-update”
- Run the Simulation
Save TCL script as ripv2_simulation.tcl and process the simulation using NS2:
ns ripv2_simulation.tcl
This will create a trace file (.tr) and a NAM file (.nam) for envision the simulation using Network Animator (NAM).
- Analyse the Simulation Results
We can evaluate the performance of RIP v2-like behaviour using the trace file. Key parameters like:
- Hop Counts: Measure how many hops each packet takes to reach the destination.
- Route Convergence Time: evaluate on how rapidly the network converges after a route change or failure.
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): The percentage of packets successfully delivered.
Example AWK Script for Packet Delivery Ratio:
BEGIN { sent = 0; received = 0; }
{
if ($1 == “s” && $4 == “AGT”) { sent++; }
if ($1 == “r” && $4 == “AGT”) { received++; }
}
END { print “Packet Delivery Ratio = “, received/sent*100, “%”; }
- Project Ideas for RIP v2 Simulation
- RIP v2 Route Convergence Simulation:
- Mimic a network with RIP v2 and learn the convergence time after link failures or topology changes.
- Comparison of RIP v1 and RIP v2:
- Relate the performance of RIP v1 and RIP v2-like behaviour in NS2 by replicating subnetting and hop count limits.
- RIP v2 in a Mobile Network:
- Emulate RIP v2 in a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) and measure how mobility impacts route convergence and packet delivery.
- Impact of Periodic Route Updates in RIP v2:
- Replicate periodic route updates in a RIP v2-like network and evaluate the impacts of update intervals on routing effectiveness and congestion.
By utilizing the ns2 tool, we performed the comprehensive Routing Information Protocol version 2 project analyses via the above procedures that help you to simulate and replicate the performance in the network scenario. If needed, we offered more information regarding this project.
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