To simulate Route Access Protocol (RAP) projects in NS2 have usually includes familiarizing the basic components of the protocol and then setting up the simulation scenario to implement how RAP operates. While RAP not be directly available in NS2 by default, we need to weather execute its characteristics manually or identify an equivalent or customizable routing protocol.
Here’s how you can simulate Route Access Protocol projects in NS2:
Steps to Simulate Route Access Protocol Projects Using NS2
- Install NS2
Make sure that NS2 is installed on the system.
- Define the Network Topology
The initial step in simulating a protocol is to configure a network topology. This includes generating nodes and links among them.
Example TCL Script for Setting up Network Topology:
# Create a new simulator instance
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define trace and nam files for logging and visualization
set tracefile [open rap_simulation.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
set namfile [open rap_simulation.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Create nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
# Define the links between nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 20ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail
- Configure Route Access Protocol in NS2
While RAP (Route Access Protocol) is not a default protocol in NS2, we will weather need to:
- Manually implement RAP behaviour that could be based on any routing strategy that defines.
- Use an existing routing protocol (e.g., AODV, DSR) and customize its features to reflect RAP’s core functionality.
Example: Using a Custom Routing Behavior
Let’s assume RAP follows a same pattern to a reactive protocol such as AODV. We can set up nodes to utilize AODV however tweak the script to denoted the protocol’s behaviour.
# Configure routing protocol (use AODV as a base, customize later for RAP behavior)
$ns node-config -adhocRouting AODV
- Traffic Configuration
To replicate the features of the Route Access Protocol, we need to set up communication among nodes, like by using TCP or UDP traffic. Here’s how to set up basic TCP traffic among nodes:
# Set up TCP communication
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0
$ns attach-agent $n4 $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
# Define FTP traffic over TCP
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ns at 2.0 “$ftp0 start”
$ns at 9.0 “$ftp0 stop”
For UDP communication, you can use CBR (Constant Bit Rate) traffic:
# Set up UDP communication
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0
$ns attach-agent $n4 $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
# Generate CBR traffic over UDP
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.1
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
$ns at 2.0 “$cbr0 start”
- Add Node Mobility (Optional)
If RAP is intended to operate in a dynamic or mobile environment, we want to incorporate node mobility to replicate a more realistic environment.
# Enable mobility for nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < 5} {incr i} {
$ns at 5.0 “$n($i) setdest 300 400 15.0” ;# Set new destination for node i
}
- Run the Simulation
Once we have configured the topology, routing protocol, and traffic, we can execute the simulation:
ns rap_simulation.tcl
This will create a trace file (.tr) and a NAM file (.nam) for evauating and envision the simulation.
- Analyse Simulation Results
We can measure the performance of Route Access Protocol (RAP) simulation using trace files to evaluate:
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
- End-to-End Delay
- Throughput
- Routing Overhead
We can utilize AWK or Python scripts to process the trace files. Here’s an instance AWK script to estimate Packet Delivery Ratio:
BEGIN { sent = 0; received = 0; }
{
if ($1 == “s” && $4 == “AGT”) { sent++; }
if ($1 == “r” && $4 == “AGT”) { received++; }
}
END { print “Packet Delivery Ratio = “, received/sent*100, “%”; }
- Example Project Ideas Using RAP
- Performance Evaluation of RAP Under High Traffic Load:
- Replicate RAP in different traffic loads and evaluate its performance based on packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.
- RAP in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs):
- Mimic RAP in a mobile network and evaluate on how mobility impacts its route discovery and maintenance mechanisms.
- Energy-Efficient Routing with RAP:
- Apply RAP with energy-efficient parameters and replicate it in a wireless sensor network to evaluate the lifetime of nodes.
- Security-Enhanced RAP:
- Execute security features in RAP and replicate on how they impact performance such as with encryption or intrusion detection mechanisms.
This project idea delivers wide range of implementations using the Route Access Protocol in NS2, helping you explore numerous contexts of the protocol’s performance in scenarios. We plan to deliver the detailed instructions to this project to in further manual.
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