To simulate a Star-Bus Hybrid Topology in MATLAB has includes to integrate star and bus topologies in which multiple star clusters are interrelated by a bus network. In this topology, every cluster creates a star network with a central hub, and these hubs are associated via a shared bus structure. Star-bus hybrid topologies are usually utilized in large networks in which multiple local networks are associated via a single shared backbone.
The given below is a detailed procedures on how to approach this project in MATLAB
Steps to Simulate a Star-Bus Hybrid Topology
- Define the Star Clusters and Bus Structure:
- Generate multiple star clusters, each with a central hub and neighbouring nodes.
- Associate each cluster’s hub to a central bus which allows an inter-cluster communication.
- Simulate Data Transmission:
- Enable nodes within a cluster to interact via their local hub.
- For inter-cluster communication, route the information via the cluster hub onto the distributed bus, and then to the target cluster hub.
- Implement Transmission Delays and Routing:
- Estimate transmission latency within clusters and beside the bus according to distance and transmission speed.
- Measure the routing path for data packets that contain an intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication paths.
- Visualize Network Layout and Transmission Activities:
- Measure the parameters such as successful transmissions, delays, and data paths.
- Utilize MATLAB plots to envision the star-bus hybrid layout and data flow.
Example Code for Simulating a Star-Bus Hybrid Topology
In this instance, we replicate three star clusters associated by a shared bus.
% Parameters for Star-Bus Hybrid Topology Simulation
numClusters = 3; % Number of star clusters
nodesPerCluster = 4; % Number of nodes per star cluster (including the hub)
totalNodes = numClusters * nodesPerCluster; % Total nodes in the network
distanceWithinCluster = 50; % Distance between nodes and hub within a cluster
busLength = 200; % Total length of the bus
distanceBetweenClusters = busLength / (numClusters – 1); % Distance between cluster hubs on the bus
propagationSpeed = 2e8; % Propagation speed in meters per second
transmissionProbability = 0.2; % Probability of initiating a transmission at each node per time step
simulationTime = 20; % Duration of the simulation in seconds
% Initialize Node Positions
nodePositions = [];
clusterHubs = [];
% Set up positions for clusters and nodes within clusters
for i = 1:numClusters
% Position of the cluster hub on the bus
hubPosition = [(i – 1) * distanceBetweenClusters, 0];
clusterHubs = [clusterHubs; hubPosition];
nodePositions = [nodePositions; hubPosition]; % Add cluster hub position
% Add positions for nodes within the cluster (star topology)
for j = 2:nodesPerCluster
angle = 2 * pi * (j – 2) / (nodesPerCluster – 1);
nodePosition = hubPosition + distanceWithinCluster * [cos(angle), sin(angle)];
nodePositions = [nodePositions; nodePosition];
end
end
% Define Connection Matrix
connectionMatrix = zeros(totalNodes);
% Connect nodes within each cluster in a star topology
for i = 1:numClusters
clusterHub = (i – 1) * nodesPerCluster + 1; % Hub index for the current cluster
for j = 2:nodesPerCluster
node = clusterHub + j – 1;
connectionMatrix(clusterHub, node) = 1;
connectionMatrix(node, clusterHub) = 1;
end
end
% Connect cluster hubs on the bus (linear connection)
for i = 1:(numClusters – 1)
connectionMatrix((i – 1) * nodesPerCluster + 1, i * nodesPerCluster + 1) = 1;
connectionMatrix(i * nodesPerCluster + 1, (i – 1) * nodesPerCluster + 1) = 1;
end
% Calculate Transmission Delay for each Connection
delayMatrix = (connectionMatrix * distanceWithinCluster) / propagationSpeed;
% Initialize Transmission Log
transmissions = zeros(totalNodes, simulationTime);
% Routing Helper Function for Star-Bus Hybrid
function path = starBusRouting(src, dst, connectionMatrix, clusterHubs)
% Determine source and destination clusters
srcCluster = ceil(src / nodesPerCluster);
dstCluster = ceil(dst / nodesPerCluster);
if srcCluster == dstCluster
% Intra-cluster communication (within the same star cluster)
path = [src, clusterHubs(srcCluster), dst];
else
% Inter-cluster communication (through bus)
srcHub = clusterHubs(srcCluster);
dstHub = clusterHubs(dstCluster);
path = [src, srcHub, dstHub, dst];
end
end
% Simulate Data Transmission in Star-Bus Hybrid Topology
for t = 1:simulationTime
for node = 1:totalNodes
if rand() < transmissionProbability
% Randomly select a destination node
destNode = randi(totalNodes);
if destNode ~= node
% Get the routing path using star-bus routing
path = starBusRouting(node, destNode, connectionMatrix, 1:numClusters);
delay = (length(path) – 1) * distanceWithinCluster / propagationSpeed;
% Log transmissions along the path
for p = 1:length(path) – 1
transmissions(path(p), t + p – 1) = 1; % Transmission at each hop
end
disp([‘Time ‘ num2str(t) ‘s: Node ‘ num2str(node) ‘ sent data to Node ‘ num2str(destNode) …
‘ via path [‘ num2str(path) ‘] with delay ‘ num2str(delay) ‘ seconds’]);
end
end
end
end
% Visualize Star-Bus Hybrid Topology Layout
figure;
gplot(connectionMatrix, nodePositions, ‘-o’);
hold on;
text(nodePositions(:, 1), nodePositions(:, 2), arrayfun(@num2str, 1:totalNodes, ‘UniformOutput’, false));
title(‘Star-Bus Hybrid Topology Layout’);
xlabel(‘X Position’);
ylabel(‘Y Position’);
hold off;
% Visualize Transmission Activity Over Time
time = 1:simulationTime;
figure;
imagesc(transmissions);
colorbar;
title(‘Transmission Activity Over Time in Star-Bus Hybrid Topology’);
xlabel(‘Time (s)’);
ylabel(‘Node ID’);
Explanation of the Code
- Parameters:
- numClusters and nodesPerCluster describe the amount of clusters and the amount of nodes per cluster (including one hub).
- distanceWithinCluster requires the distance among nodes within a cluster, and distanceBetweenClusters is the distance among hubs beside the bus.
- Connection Matrix:
- connectionMatrix denotes the star topology inside an each cluster and the bus connections among cluster hubs.
- Each hub associates to the nodes in its cluster and also to neighbouring hubs beside the bus.
- Data Transmission Simulation:
- Every node has a gamble to begin data transmission at each time step.
- If the origin and destination are in the same cluster, data transmit directly via the local hub. If they are in diverse clusters, data is transmitted via the allocated bus.
- Propagation Delay Calculation:
- delayMatrix is estimated for each connection according to the distanceWithinCluster and the transmission speed.
- Visualization:
- The first plot demonstrates the layout of the star-bus hybrid topology, showing an each node, cluster hubs, and connections on the bus.
- The second plot demonstrates transmission activity over time, with each row denotes a node and each column illustrates a time step.
Analysis and Extension Ideas
- Dynamic Traffic Patterns: Replicate different traffic loads, like clusters with higher transmission probabilities or certain nodes perform as hot spots.
- Congestion Analysis: Track the bus for congestion by way of multiple nodes usage it for inter-cluster communication.
- Node and Link Failures: Replicate the failures and monitor the effects on network performance, specifically if a cluster hub or bus connection fails.
- Prioritization: Execute traffic selection on the bus to provide preference to critical data.
- Varying Cluster Sizes: Adjust nodesPerCluster for every cluster to generate an uneven, more realistic topology.
We had explicit the information about the simulation process with examples regarding the Star-Bus Hybrid Topology projects that was executed using the tool of MATLAB and also we deliver the additional example ideas for this process. We plan to elaborate on the Star-Bus Hybrid Topology projects procedure in other simulation scenarios.
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