To simulate a Switched Mesh Topology within NS2 that needs to contain designing a network in which nodes are attached utilizing the switches in a mesh-like structure. A switched mesh topology exhausts the network switches rather than direct links amongst the nodes, which permitting for dynamic routing of packets between the nodes. Every single switch can send the packets according to its routing or switching logic, and the mesh topology make sure that numerous redundant paths among the nodes for fault tolerance and load balancing.
Steps to Simulate Switched Mesh Topology in NS2
Step 1: Understand Switched Mesh Topology
In a Switched Mesh Topology:
- Switches are utilized to route packets among the nodes, which making several paths between any two nodes.
- The mesh structure offers redundancy makes sure that there are numerous paths among the nodes, which supports in fault tolerance.
- Dynamic routing or switching permits packets to follow diverse paths based on the network conditions (e.g., congestion, failure).
Step 2: Design the Switched Mesh Network
We will replicate a 2D switched mesh topology, in which:
- Switches are associate several nodes (hosts), which forming a full or partial mesh topology.
- Each node communicates via the switches that actively forward packet.
Step 3: Create an NS2 TCL Script for Simulating a Switched Mesh Topology
Here is an NS2 TCL script, which mimics a Switched Mesh Topology with nodes are associated via switches.
Example: Switched Mesh Topology Simulation in NS2
# Create a new NS2 simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
# Define the number of switches and nodes
set num_switches 4 ;# Number of switches
set num_nodes 8 ;# Number of nodes (hosts)
# Create switches and nodes
set switches {}
set nodes {}
# Create the switches
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_switches} {incr i} {
set switch [$ns node]
lappend switches $switch
}
# Create the nodes (hosts)
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_nodes} {incr i} {
set node [$ns node]
lappend nodes $node
}
# Create links between nodes and switches (switched network)
# Each node is connected to a switch
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_nodes} {incr i} {
set switch_index [expr $i % $num_switches] ;# Distribute nodes across switches
set current_switch [lindex $switches $switch_index]
set current_node [lindex $nodes $i]
# Create a duplex link between the node and its assigned switch
$ns duplex-link $current_node $current_switch 1Mb 10ms DropTail
}
# Create mesh links between switches (to form a switched mesh topology)
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_switches} {incr i} {
for {set j [expr $i + 1]} {$j < $num_switches} {incr j} {
set switch1 [lindex $switches $i]
set switch2 [lindex $switches $j]
# Create a duplex link between the switches
$ns duplex-link $switch1 $switch2 1Mb 10ms DropTail
}
}
# Attach agents (e.g., UDP) to the nodes for communication
set udp_agents {}
set null_agents {}
# Create UDP agents and traffic sinks for each node
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_nodes} {incr i} {
set udp [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent [lindex $nodes $i] $udp
lappend udp_agents $udp
set sink [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent [lindex $nodes [expr ($i + 1) % $num_nodes]] $sink
lappend null_agents $sink
# Connect the UDP agent to the corresponding sink (other node)
$ns connect $udp $sink
}
# Define CBR traffic between nodes (constant bit rate traffic)
for {set i 0} {$i < $num_nodes} {incr i} {
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr set packetSize_ 512
$cbr set interval_ 0.1 ;# Send 10 packets per second
$cbr attach-agent [lindex udp_agents $i]
# Schedule traffic between nodes (start at different times)
set start_time [expr $i * 0.5 + 1.0]
$ns at $start_time “$cbr start”
}
# Trace file for recording the simulation events
set tracefile [open “switched_mesh.tr” w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile
# NAM file for network animation
set namfile [open “switched_mesh.nam” w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
# Define the finish procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns tracefile namfile
$ns flush-trace
close $tracefile
close $namfile
exec nam switched_mesh.nam &
exit 0
}
# Finish the simulation after 10 seconds
$ns at 10.0 “finish”
# Run the simulation
$ns run
Step 4: Explanation of the Script
- Switch and Node Setup:
- The script makes four switches and eight nodes or hosts.
- Each node is associated to one switch utilizing a duplex link including a bandwidth of 1Mb and a delay of 10ms.
- Switched Mesh Topology:
- The switches are associated to each other within a mesh topology, which make sure that each switch has a straight connection to every other switch.
- This mesh connectivity makes certain that packets can be routed actively amongst the nodes via diverse switches.
- Communication Setup:
- UDP agents are connected to each node to replicate the communication amongst the nodes.
- Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic is made among the nodes in which each node transmits traffic to other node within the network.
- Tracing and Visualization:
- The script makes a trace file (switched_mesh.tr) to log the packet transmissions, receptions, and network events.
- for envisioning the network topology and traffic flows, NAM file (switched_mesh.nam) is created.
Step 5: Run the Simulation
- We need to save the script as switched_mesh.tcl.
- Then, we execute the script in NS2:
ns switched_mesh.tcl
It will generate two files:
- switched_mesh.tr: A trace files, which records the packet-level information.
- switched_mesh.nam: A NAM file for envisioning the network behavior in NAM.
Step 6: Visualize the Simulation Using NAM
To envision the Switched Mesh Topology in NAM:
nam switched_mesh.nam
In NAM, we will observe:
- The nodes are associated to switches and the switches are forming a mesh topology.
- Packet transmissions among the nodes as they interconnect via the switches.
Step 7: Analyze the Trace File
The trace file (switched_mesh.tr) records every event, which happen for the period of the simulation, like:
- Packet transmissions and receptions among the nodes and switches.
- Packet drops or delays within communication.
We can examine the trace file using tools such as AWK, Python, or custom scripts to extract crucial parameters like :
- Packet delivery ratio (PDR).
- End-to-end delay between nodes.
- Network throughput and congestion.
Step 8: Enhance the Simulation
The following is a few ways to expand or improve the simulation:
- Add More Nodes and Switches: Maximizes the amount of nodes and switches to make a larger and more complex switched mesh topology.
- Simulate Link Failures: Launch the link or switch failures and monitor how the network reroutes traffic via alternate paths.
- Implement Dynamic Routing: Rather than static paths that execute the dynamic routing protocols, which permit the switches to forward packets according to the real-time network conditions.
- Measure Performance Metrics: Assess the performance parameters like latency, throughput, and packet loss under diverse network loads or failure situations.
In this approach, we comprehensively guided you through the simulation strategy for Switched Mesh Topology projects, which was simulated using NS2 network simulator. We are equipped to provide more significant information relevant to this topic.
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